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Geography > paper 1 : section C : physical landscapes in the UK : rivers > Flashcards

paper 1 : section C : physical landscapes in the UK : rivers Flashcards

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1
Q

what is ground water flow?

A

ground water flow is when water flows through the soil back to the river

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2
Q

what is surface run off

A

surface run off is when water flows across the earths surface back to rivers, lakes and oceans

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3
Q

what is interception

A

interception is when trees take up water from the soil

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4
Q

what is infiltration

A

infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil

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5
Q

what is percolation

A

percolation is when water moves vertically down through soil and rock to the sea

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6
Q

what is transpiration

A

transpiration is the evaporation of water from plant leaves

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7
Q

what is soil through flow

A

soil through flow is when water sinks from the soil into the bedrock

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8
Q

what are the features of the upper course of a river

A

in the upper course of the river there are :

  • waterfalls
  • rapids
  • v-shapes valleys
  • vertical erosion (downwards)
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9
Q

what are the features of the middle course of a river

A

in the middle course of a river there are :

  • meanders
  • oxbow lakes
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10
Q

what are the features of the lower course of a river

A

in the lower course of a river there are :

  • estuaries
  • floodplains
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11
Q

what processes take place in each course of the river

A

the processes which take place in each course of the river are :

  • vertical erosion(downwards) in the upper course
  • lateral erosion and vertical erosion + deposition in the middle course
  • deposition in the lower course
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12
Q

what is the river discharge

A

the river discharge is the volume of water flowing through a certain point of a river channel at any time

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13
Q

what is the thalweg

A

the thalweg is fastest part of the river channel

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14
Q

what is a river channel

A

a river channel is an area that contains flowing water and is confined by river banks

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15
Q

what is the land on the side of a river called

A

land on the side of a river are called valleys

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16
Q

what are the 4 types of erosion

A

the 4 types of erosion are :

  • attrition
  • abrasion
  • hydraulic action
  • solution/corrosion
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17
Q

what are the 4 types of transportation

A

the 4 types of transportation are :

  • saltation
  • traction
  • suspension
  • solution
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18
Q

what is abrasion

A

abrasion is where rocks wear away the river bank

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19
Q

what is attrition

A

attrition is where rocks wear away other rocks

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20
Q

what is solution

A

solution is when the acidity of the water erodes the river bed/bank

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21
Q

what is hydraulic action

A

hydraulic action is when the force of the water erodes the river bank

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22
Q

what is saltation

A

saltation is when small rocks ‘bounce’ across the river bed

23
Q

what is solution(erosion)

A

solution is when the acidity of the water erodes the river bed/bank

24
Q

what is traction

A

traction is when large rocks ‘roll’ across the river bed

25
Q

what is suspension

A

suspension is when small sediment get suspended in the water and get carried along

26
Q

what is solution (transportation)

A

solution is when small sediment gets dissolved into the water and gets carried along

27
Q

why does deposition occur in the lower course

A

deposition occurs in the lower course, as here the river doesn’t contain enough energy to carry the sediment

28
Q

what landforms form due to erosion

A

landforms that form due to erosion are :

  • interlocking spurs
  • waterfalls
  • gorges
29
Q

what landforms form due to deposition and erosion

A

landforms that form due to deposition and erosion are :

  • meanders
  • oxbow lakes
30
Q

what landforms form due to deposition

A

landforms that form due to deposition :

  • levees
  • flood plains
  • estuaries
31
Q

what are interlocking spurs and how are they formed

A

interlocking spurs are hillsides that link together as the river winds around them
they are formed when:
-the river cuts down into the valley, erode the soft rock which is easier to erode, and bend around the hard rock

32
Q

how are waterfalls formed

A

waterfalls are formed when :

  • the bottom of the rock, which is soft rock, erodes more quickly that the hard rock, undercutting the hard rock
  • this leaves the hard rock overhanging and because it isn’t supported, it eventually collapses.
  • the fallen rocks crash into the plunge pool
  • over time, the process continues and the waterfall retreats upstream.
33
Q

what are gorges

A

gorge’s are narrow steep sided valley’s which form as the waterfall retreats

34
Q

how do meanders form

A

meanders form when :

-erosion on the oust

35
Q

how do oxbow lakes form

A

oxbow lakes form when:

  • erosion on the outside of the meander occurs causing the neck of the meander to get closer together
  • deposition is also occurring on the inside of the meander
  • eventually the neck joins together and a straightened channel forms as it is an easier path for the river
36
Q

what physical factors affect the risk of flooding

A

physical factors that affect the risk of flooding are :

  • precipitation
  • temperature
  • the size of the drainage basin
  • rock type
  • deforestation
  • land relief
37
Q

what human factors affect the risk of flooding

A

human factors that affect the risk of flooding are :

  • land use
  • urban population
38
Q

how does deforestation affect the risk of flooding

A

deforestation affects the risk of flooding as :
-less trees=less infiltration which results in increased surface run off and an increased chance of flooding in the lower course

39
Q

how does precipitation affect the risk of flooding

A

precipitation affects the risk of flooding as :
-heavy rainfall increases surface run off and could also lead no infiltration if the soil becomes ‘full’ meaning that the water just sits on top of the soil

40
Q

how does the drainage basin size affect the risk of flooding

A

the drainage basin size affects the risk of flooding as :

-if the basin is too small, the river will be unable to deal with large volumes of water

41
Q

how does rock type affect the risk of flooding

A

rock type affects the risk of flooding as :

-if the rock is impermeable, the water will be unable to infiltrate the soil, thus increasing surface run off

42
Q

how does temperature affect the risk of flooding

A

temperature affects the risk of flooding as:

-extremely high temperatures can lead to the ground becoming dry and impermeable

43
Q

how does relief affect the risk of flooding

A

relief affects the risk of flooding as :
-if the land is steeper, there is less time for the water to infiltrate the soil, meaning surface run off is greater and more water will enter the river

44
Q

how does land use/urban population affect the risk of flooding

A

land use/urban population affects the risk of flooding as:

  • in urban areas, the land is often made up of impermeable surfaces, meaning water doesn’t infiltrate
  • also in urban areas there is a lack of trees so there will be a reduced rate of infiltration
45
Q

what is an estuary

A

an estuary is simply where the river and sea meet

46
Q

what is soft and hard engineering

A

soft engineering is :
-when the environment is used to manage flood risk in a sustainable way
hard engineering is :
- when man-made structures are built to control the flow of rivers and reduce flooding.

47
Q

what are some examples of soft engineering

A

some examples of soft engineering are :

  • afforestation
  • flood proofing
  • natural levees
48
Q

what are some examples of hard engineering

A

some examples of hard engineering are :

  • dams
  • artificial levees
  • flood walls
49
Q

what is a levee

A

a levee is build up of deposited sediment on the edge of the river channel

50
Q

how are levees formed

A

levees are formed when :

  • the discharge of the river is so high that it bursts out of the channel and spreads onto the flood plain
  • sediment also gets carried out onto the flood plain and when the water removes itself from the flood plain it deposits the larger sediment as it doesn’t have the energy to carry it back
  • over time the deposited sediment builds up to a levee on the edge of the river channel
51
Q

how can you calculate lag time from a flood hydropgraph

A

you can calculate lag time from a flood hydrograph by doing peak rainfall - peak discharge

52
Q

what are some features of the river mouth

A

some features of the river mouth are :

  • flood plains
  • large discharge
  • flat valleys
  • deltas
52
Q

what are some features of a meander

A

some features of a meander are :

  • lateral erosion on the outside of the meander
  • slip off slope

Geography (9 decks)

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