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Geography > paper 1 : Section A : the challenge of natural hazards > Flashcards

paper 1 : Section A : the challenge of natural hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

name some examples of natural hazards

A 
floods 
earthquakes 
tsunamis
volcanic eruptions 
droughts
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2
Q

how does a natural event become a natural hazard

A

a natural event becomes a natural hazard when it effects people

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3
Q

why is the amount of people that are affected by natural hazards increasing

A

the amount of people that are affected by natural hazards is increasing due to climate change increasing the frequency and power of natural hazards and due to population increase which means areas become densely populated and there is a greater risk of death, injury etc

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4
Q

what are convection currents

A

a convection current is the repeated cycle of heat from the core rising, cooling in the magma and falling back down to the core
convection currents is what causes the plates to move

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5
Q

what are the 3 types of plate boundaries

A

the 3 types of plate boundaries are conservative, constructive and destructive

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6
Q

name an example of a constructive plate boundary

A

an example of a constructive plate boundary is the north american and eurasian plates

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7
Q

name an example of a destructive plate boundary

A

an example of a destructive plate boundary is the oceanic nazca plate and the south american plate

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8
Q

name an example of a conservative plate boundary

A

an example of a conservative plate boundary is the san andreas fault (the pacific and north american plate)

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9
Q

what landforms/hazards are created at constructive plate boundaries

A

at constructive plate boundaries, new land, flat shield volcanoes and earthquakes are created

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10
Q

what landforms/ hazards are created at destructive plate boundaries

A

at destructive plate boundaries new mountain ranges, earthquakes and volcanoes are created

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11
Q

what landforms/hazards are created at conservative plate boundaries

A

at conservative plate boundaries earthquakes are created

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12
Q

what happens at a constructive plate boundary

A

at a constructive plate boundary, two continental plates move away from each other and as they pull apart from one another, hot and fluid magma forces it’s way to the surface
when the magma breaks the surface it’s causes earthquakes and when the magma cools and settles it forms volcanoes

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13
Q

what happens at a destructive plate boundary between a oceanic and continental plate

A

at destructive plate boundaries two plates move towards each other
the oceanic plate is sub-ducted under the less dense continental plate, this builds up friction and leads to earthquakes. as the oceanic plate moves down it melts which forms magma which then breaks the surface as a composite volcanoe

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14
Q

what happens at destructive plate boundaries between two continental plates

A

at a destructive plate boundary, when there are two continental plates, there is no subduction. instead the plates collide causing the crust to become crumpled and uplifted to form fold mountains

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15
Q

what happens at a conservative plate boundary

A

at a conservative plate boundary, two plates move past each other
the friction between the plates causes earthquakes; a build up of stress can cause the plates to suddenly shift causing very destructive earthquakes

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16
Q

what is the epi centre

A

the epicentre is the point on the surface where the earthquake can be felt

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17
Q

why may people choose to live near tectonic hazards

A

people may choose to live near tectonic hazards as :

  • land is cheaper
  • they don’t have the money to move away
  • natural hazards are rare in that area
  • there are efficient warning systems
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18
Q

how can we reduce the risk from tectonic hazards

A

we can reduce the risk from tectonic hazards through monitoring, prediction, protection and planning

19
Q

what is monitoring

A

monitoring is using scientific equipment to detect warning signs of events such as a volcanic eruption

20
Q

what is prediction

A

prediction is using historical evidence and monitoring to guess when and where a tectonic hazard may occur

21
Q

what is protection

A

protection is designing buildings that can withstand tectonic hazards

22
Q

what is planning

A

planning is when you identify and avoid places that are most at risk from tectonic hazards

23
Q

how does monitoring work

A

monitoring reduces tectonic hazards as :

  • scientists monitor volcanoes through remote sensing and use satellites to detect changes in the volcanoes shape
  • scientists use geophysical measurements to detect changes in gravity as magma defines gravity and rises
24
Q

how does prediction work

A

prediction reduces tectonic hazards by :

  • detecting volcanic eruptions through increases in earthquake activity as magma rises
  • scientists trying to predict earthquakes by studying historical records
25
Q

how does protection work

A

protection works by :

  • using earth embankments and explosives to divert the lava and protect people and property
  • constructing buildings that a resistant to ground shaking
26
Q

how does planning work

A

planing reduces the risk of tectonic hazards as, through the creation of volcanic hazard maps and earthquake maps we can see what areas are most likely to be affected, what areas need to be evacuated and if any high value land is at risk

27
Q

how can buildings be made resistant to ground shaking

A

we can make buildings resistant to ground shaking by reinforcing walls with steel and concrete
reinforcing buildings foundations

28
Q

in which direction does wind move from and to

A

wind moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

29
Q

why is there low pressure at the equator

A

there is low pressure at the equator as warm air is rising from the ground surface

30
Q

what conditions are needed for a tropical storm to form

A

in order for a tropical to form:

  • surface winds must reach an average of 120 km per hour
  • ocean surface temperatures must be at least 27 degrees
31
Q

how do tropical storms form

A

tropical storms form as:

  • water vapour(from the warm ocean surface) and air get drawn into the center of the storm
  • the warm air then cools as it rises
32
Q

what is a natural hazard

A

a natural hazard is a natural process which could death, injury or disruption to humans

33
Q

why is it hot and dry in deserts

A

it is hot and dry in deserts as:

  • there is a belt of high pressure caused by warm air that does not rise but instead sinks to the ground surface
  • no rainfall as no air is rising and condensing
  • lack of clouds to shield the area from the suns rays
34
Q

why is it hot and very rainy in tropical rain forests

A

it is hot and humid in tropical rain forests as:

  • majority of tropical rain forests are on the equator meaning the sun is directly overhead
  • there is a belt of low pressure meaning warm air can rise, condense to form rain clouds and rainfall
35
Q

explain the UK’s weather conditions

A

the UK experiences:

  • cold weather due to its position on the boundary of cold polar air
  • heavy rainfall as sub tropic air rises, condense to form rain and clouds
36
Q

when may a tropical storm lose strength

A

a tropical storm may lose strength as:

  • it passes over land, meaning its energy/ water supply is cut off
  • it crosses over cooler water, as it’s supply of warm water is cut off
37
Q

how is a tropical storm carried over the ocean

A

a tropical storms are carried across the ocean by prevailing winds blowing west, due to the easterly winds at the equator

38
Q

what are tropical storms called in :

  • the USA and Caribbean
  • Asia and Australia
  • Japan and the Philippines
A

tropical storms are called :

  • hurricanes in the USA and Caribbean
  • cyclones in Asia and Australia
  • typhoons in Japan and the Philippines
39
Q

how is the intensity of hurricanes measured

A

the intensity of hurricanes measured using the Saffir-Simpson hurricane intensity scale

40
Q

what are the structures/features of a tropical storm,before the eye passes over

A

the structures/features of a tropical storm before the eye passes over are:

  • heavy rain and possibly thunder
  • thunderstorms
  • banks of clouds (the eye wall)
41
Q

what are the structures/features of a tropical storm,after the eye passes over

A

the structures/features of a tropical storm, after the eye passes over are:

  • torrential rain
  • very strong winds
  • thunder and lightning
  • the eye wall
42
Q

what happens as the eye of the storm passes over

A

as the eye of a tropical storm passes over, there is a period of calm

43
Q

how might climate change effect the frequency and distribution of tropical storms

A

climate change may effect the frequency and distribution of tropical storms as :

  • increasing global temperatures mean that more of the oceans will be at 27 degrees or more and that the storms will be more powerful
  • oceans may stay at 27 degrees or more longer throughout the years, the number of tropical storms then increases
44
Q

where do most tropical storms occur

A

most tropical storms occur between 5 degrees and 30 degrees north of the equator

Geography (9 decks)

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