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Biology > paper 1 - organisation✅ topic 2 > Flashcards

paper 1 - organisation✅ topic 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What tissues does the stomach contain

A

muscular tissue and glandular tissue

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2
Q

What are fats also known as

A

lipids

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3
Q

What do enzymes do in the mouth

A

Enzymes in the saliva begin to digest the starch into smaller sugar molecules

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4
Q

What do enzymes do in the stomach

A

Enzymes begin the digestion of proteins

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5
Q

What is the benefit of the churning actions of the stomach muscles

A

Turns the food into a fluid increasing the surface area for enzymes to digest

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6
Q

What does the liver do in the digestion

A

releases bile , helps speed up the digestion of lipids by breaking them down into tiny droplets and increasing the surface area
also neutralises the acid released from the stomach to make conditions in small intestine alkaline the enzymes in small intestine work best in alkaline conditions

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7
Q

What enzymes break down proteins

A

proteases

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8
Q

Where is protease found

A

stomach
pancreas
small intestine

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9
Q

What does starch consist of

A

a chain of glucose molecules

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10
Q

What enzymes break down carbohydrates

A

carbohydrases (amylase)

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11
Q

Where is amylase made

A

in saliva , pancreas and small intestine

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12
Q

What does a lipid molecule consist of

A

a molecule of glycerol attached to three molecules of fatty acids

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13
Q

What enzymes digest lipid molecules

A

lipase

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14
Q

What do lipid molecules produce after being digested

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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15
Q

Where do we find lipase

A

pancreatic fluid and small intestine

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16
Q

Where is bile made and stored

A

made in liver stored in gall bladder

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17
Q

Bile emulsifies

A

the lipid

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18
Q

Bile is an

A

alkaline

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19
Q

As we increase the temperature tha activity of the enzyme

A

increase

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20
Q

Why as the temperature increases does enzyme activity increase ?

A

Because as the temperature increases the enzyme and substrate are moving faster so there are more collisions per second between the substrate and active site

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21
Q

Define optimum temperature

A

the enzyme working at the fastest possible rate

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22
Q

optimum temperature for human enzymes

A

37

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23
Q

What happens to the enzymes at high temperatures using lock and key theory

A

the enzyme molecule vibrates and the shape of the active site changes.
becomes denatured
enzyme no longer catalyse reaction

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24
Q

What are the adaptions of the small intestine for increase absorption

A

• Long 5m - increase surface area
• Villi A massively increases surface area for the absorption of molecules
- villi has mitochondria energy for active transport
- thin membrane short diffusion path
- large blood supply increases concentration gradient

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25
Q

Why is the left side of the heart a thicker muscular wall

A

it needs to pump blood around the whole body so needs to use at a greater force

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26
Q

What is the purpose of the coronary arteries

A

to provide oxygen to the muscle cells of the heart

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27
Q

How do arteries cope with surges

A

they have elastic fibres which stretch

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28
Q

What happens when blood passes through capillaries

A

glucose and oxygen diffuse form the blood to the cells
carbon dioxide diffuse from cells back to blood

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29
Q

What increases diffusion in capillaries s

A

thin walls

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30
Q

What is the liquid part of the blood

A

plasma

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31
Q

What is the job of blood plasm

A

transport dissolved substances around the body

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32
Q

Where does plasma transport glucose from

A

small intestine to other organs

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33
Q

Where does plasma transport co2 form

A

organs to the lungs

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34
Q

Where does plasma transport urea form

A

liver to kidneys

35
Q

What are the adaptions of red blood cels

A

• haemoglobin
• no nucleus - more room for haemoglobin
• bicojcave disc - greater surface area m, oxygen diffuses in and out rapidly

36
Q

What are the key features of white blood cells

A
  • contains a nucleus - contains DNA which encodes the instructions that the white blood cells need to do their job
37
Q

what are the two cures for coronary heart diseases

A

stents and statins

38
Q

What are statins

A

statins are drugs which reduce the level of cholesterol in blood
this slows down the rate that fatty material builds up in the arteriebs

39
Q

What is the disadvantage of statins

A

• side effects - liver problems

40
Q

What is a stent

A

a tube which can be inserted into the coronary artery to keep it open

41
Q

An advantage of inserting a stent

A

blood can flow normally through the artery
a stent will not prevent other regions of the coronary arteries from narrowing

42
Q

Disadvantage of stents

A

does not treat cause of disease

43
Q

What can we do if heart valves are leaky

A

replace them with a mechanical valve made of metal or a valve from an animal

44
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of mechanical valve

A

can last a long time
increase risk of blood clots

45
Q

Advantage and disadvantages of animal valves

A

• may need to be replaced
• patients don’t need to take drugs

46
Q

Define heart failure

A

heart cannot pump enough blood around the body

47
Q

What can a patient be given while waiting for. a heart transplant

A

an artificial heart

48
Q

Disadvantage of artificial hearts

A

increase risk of blood clotting
not log term solution

49
Q

What prevents the trachea from
collapsing

A

rings of cartilage

50
Q

What are the adaptations of alveoli to increase rate of gas exchange

A

• millions of alveoli - huge surface area
• thin walls - diffusion short
• very good blood supply - o2 rapidly removed , ensures concentration gradient is as steep as possible

51
Q

What are the two different types of tumour

A

benign
malignant

52
Q

define benign tumour

A

growths of abnormal cells, found in one area
usually contained within a membrane
do not invade other parts of the body

53
Q

define malignant tumour

A

malignant cells invade neighbouring tissues and move into the bloodstream
once in the bloodstream malignant cells spread to the different parts of the body and form new tumours (secondary)

54
Q

What cancers are linked to genetics

A

• certain breast cancer
•‘prostate cancer
• cancers of the large intestine

55
Q

cancers linked to lifestyle

A

lung cancer - smoking
skin cancer - ultra violet light
mouth / throat cancer - alcohol

56
Q

What is radon

A

radioactive gas increases risk of developing lung cancer

57
Q

How does radon increase risk of developing lung cancer

A

releases ionising radiation which damages DNA in our cells.
Causes our cells to undergo uncontrolled cell division leading to cancer

58
Q

define health

A

the state of physical and mental well being

59
Q

What does it mean to have a defective immune system

A

more likely to suffer from infectious diseases

60
Q

What can HPV cuase in some people

A

cervical cancer

61
Q

What are the lifestyles factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease

A

• a diet high in fat and low in vegetables increase levels of certain types of cholesterol in the blood

• a diet high in salt can increase blood pressure

•smoking

62
Q

What factors can effect unborn baby’s

A

• smoking - baby born with a low body mass

• drinking alcohol- fetal alcohol syndrome

63
Q

How does water enter the roots

A

ROOT HAIR CELLS

64
Q

What does the transpiration stream transport

A

dissolved mineral ions (e.g magnesium)

65
Q

What does the stomata do in photosynthesis

A

it opens to allow carbon dioxide in, water vapor can now pass out the leaf

66
Q

What happens to the guard cells during the day (high light intensity)

A

guard cells swell and change shape
this causes stomata to open

67
Q

Under hot conditions what happens to stomata

A

plant closes stomata to reduce water loss by transpiration
(cannot photosynthesise)

68
Q

Explain how amylase breaks down starch

A

Starch fits into active site
The substrate is specific to the active site, bonds with substrate

69
Q

Which part of the blood transports glucose and water and carbon dioxide

A

plasma

70
Q

What do protease convert proteins into

A

amino acids

71
Q

What does amylase breaks down starch into

A

maltose

72
Q

What does protease convert protease into

A

amino acids

73
Q

What happens at the palisade mesophyll tissue

A

where most photosynthesis happens

74
Q

what happens at the spongy mesophyll

A

contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells

75
Q

What is the structure of the epidermal tissue

A

waxy cuticle - helps to reduce water loss by evaporation

76
Q

explain the structure of the palisade layer

A
  • lots of chloroplasts, near the top where they can get the most light
77
Q

Describe the characteristics of a meristem tissue

A

found at the tips of the roots and shoots able to differentiate into lots of different types of plant cells , allowing plant to grow

78
Q

Why is phloem tube made with smal pores

A

allow cell sap to flow through

79
Q

Where does the transport go in the phloem tubes

A

both directions

80
Q

lExpkin the structure of xylem cell

A

Made up of dead cells joined together end to end (1) With no end walls between them and a hole down the middle (1) it’ is stretched by lignin

81
Q

Explain the structure of phloem

A

• mad elf columns elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls to allow cell sap to flow through

82
Q

what’s cells sap

A

a liquid that’s made up of substances being transported

83
Q

Where does phloem transport the dissolved sugars from

A

from leaves to rest of the plant

84
Q

Where does xylem transport water and mineral ions

A

from roots to stem and the leaves

Biology (7 decks)

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