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Biology > Homeostasis -fc 58 > Flashcards

Homeostasis -fc 58 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

regulation of body conditions whilst maintaining a stable internal environment in response to internal and external conditions

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2
Q

what is the process of temperature in negative feedback?

A

Temperature receptors detect the body temperature is too high, the thermoregulatory centre receives information and triggers affecters for factors. For example, sweat glands produce a response.

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3
Q

Why does the body need to obtain optimal conditions?

A

For optimal, enzyme action and cell function

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4
Q

What is the job of motor and relay neurone and sensory

A

sensory neuron transfer signals from receptor to CNS. The motor neuron transfer signal from CNS to effectors the relay neuron transfer signals from sensory neuron to motor neurone

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5
Q

List the pathway of a reflex arc

A

Stimulus, receptor, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron, effector, response

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6
Q

name the four parts of the brain

A

Cerebral cortex, cerebellum, Medulla hypothalamus

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7
Q

what is the function of the cerebral cortex?

A

It controls conscious activities such as memory vision and hearing and intelligence

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8
Q

What is the job of the cerebellum?

A

It controls muscle coordination and balance

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9
Q

what is the role of a Medulla?

A

It controls unconscious activities, such as breathing and heart rate

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10
Q

where is the medulla located?

A

Brain stem

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11
Q

name, the freeways scientist study the brain

A
  1. study people with brain damage
  2. electrically stimulated different parts of the brain
    3.scan in the brain
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12
Q

explain three ways why treating the brain is so difficult?

A

Things can go wrong wrong such as infection.
It is in cased within the skull so it’s hard to access.
It is very complicated so hard to target with medication

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13
Q

describe the characteristics of the cornea

A

Transparent, no blood vessels, causes light to refracts

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14
Q

How does the iris react to bright light conditions?

A

The circular muscles contract and the radio muscles relax

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15
Q

How does the iris react to dark conditions?

A

bigger people circular muscles, relax, radio muscles contracts

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16
Q

Where should the lights be focused as it passes that

A

The fovea

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17
Q

what is the lens shape on a nearby objects?

A

Short and fat

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18
Q

what is the lens shape on a far away objects?

A

Long and thin

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19
Q

how do the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligament react to nearby objects?

A

Ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligament loosen
lens become thicker and more curved - lights rays are refracted strongly

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20
Q

how do you the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligament react to distant?

A

Celery, muscles, relax, suspensory, ligaments tighten , lens becomes thinner and light refracted weakly

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21
Q

what lenses are used for longsighted people?

A

Convex lens

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22
Q

what lenses are used for shortsighted people?

A

Concave lens

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23
Q

why is the human body at 37 degrees

A

It is for optimum temperature for enzymes to function

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24
Q

where is the thermoregulatory centre located?

A

Brain

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25
Q

Where are temperature receptors found?

A

Blood vessels and skin

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26
Q

Name some methods to warm the body up

A

raise body hairs
Shivering
Constrict blood vessels nearest skin

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27
Q

Explain how shivering warms the body up

A

shivering involves muscle, relaxing, and contracting automatically. It requires a lot of energy from respiration in the process. It releases a lot of heat energy as waste.

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28
Q

explain VASO dilation

A

Blood vessels become wider, increasing the flow of blood in the skin capillaries

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29
Q

how does sweats keep us cool?

A

As sweat evaporates, it removes heat energy from the skin

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30
Q

Explain the job of glands (3)

A

Glands release hormones into the bloodstream. Hormones bind to specific cells that have correct receptors. This will bring about some change within the cells

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31
Q

Why is the pituitary gland known as the master gland

A

The hormones it releases controls what other glands do

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32
Q

What is the role of thyroxine

A

Found in the thyroid
regulates metabolism heart rate and body temperature

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33
Q

What is the role of adrenaline found in adrenal gland

A

Stimulates flight or fight response

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34
Q

What is one effect if the glucose levels are too high or low

A

damage tissues
cant carry out respiration

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35
Q

Explain the process of what happens in blood glucose is too high

A

Pancreas detects a change in the blood glucose levels
and releases insulin into the blood stream
Insulin binds to receptors on certain cells
Liver and muscles take in glucose and convert to glycogen
Blood glucose decrease

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36
Q

Explain what happens when the blood glucose levels are too low

A

Pancreas detects a change and secretes glucagon into the bloodstream.
Liver cells break down glycogen into glucose. It is then released into the bloodstream
Blood glucose levels increase

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37
Q

Describe 3 factors of type 1 diabetes

A

• Life long
• common in younger people
• Pancreas doesn’t release enough insulin

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38
Q

Explain type 2 diabetes

A

More common in older people
Tissues become resistant to own insulin

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39
Q

What increases the risk of type 2 diabetes?

A

Lack of exercise
poor diet

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40
Q

Define puberty

A

The period in which adolescents start to develop secondary sexual characteristics

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41
Q

Explain stage 1 of the menstruation cycle

A

• Menstruation
• bleeding breakdown of uterus lining

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42
Q

What happens in stage 2 of the menstrual cycle

A

Lining builds back up

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43
Q

What happens in stage 3 of the menstrual cycle

A

Egg is released form the ovaries

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44
Q

What happens in stage 4 of the menstrual cycle

A

maintaining lining of the uterus

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45
Q

What does Oestrogen don

A

Builds up lining
Stimulates release of LH

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46
Q

Job of Progesterone

A

Maintain lining of the uterus
inhibited LH AND FSH

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47
Q

Job of LH

A

stimulates release of egg

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48
Q

Job of FSH

A

Maturing of the egg stimulates oestrogen

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49
Q

Define 3 things that must occur for a woman to become pregnant

A

• Egg must be released from ovaries
• Sperm must reach and fertilise egg
• Fertilise egg implant into uterus lining

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50
Q

What two hormones does the pill contain

A

Oestrogen
Progesterone

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51
Q

How does oestrogen help as a contraceptive ?

A

Inhibit FSH production so eggs can’t mature

52
Q

How does progesterone help with contraception

A

Stimulate production of mucus in the cervix so sperm can’t enter uterus

53
Q

Explain the stages of IVF

A
  1. A woman is given FSH AND LH to stimulate her eggs to mature
  2. Eggs collected from women’s ovaries , sperm also collected
  3. Egg fertilised by sperm
  4. Fertilised eggs are left to grow as embryos in an incubator
  5. Once embryos are large enough transferred to uterus left to grow as a foetus
54
Q

Explain ICSI

A

Sperm injected into an egg cell with a tiny needle

55
Q

Why do people believe IVF is unethical?

A

• embryos could’ve had a potential life
• could lead to designer babies

56
Q

Cons of IVF

A

multiple babies
abdominal pain
doesn’t always work
stressful

57
Q

What is the job of the kidneys (3)

A

• Remove waste products
• Regulate water levels
• Regulate iron levels

58
Q

What could happen when we have too much water

A

Cells can swell and burst

59
Q

What happens to cells when we have too little water

A

Cells lose water and shrink

60
Q

What is filtration

A

The Tubule absorbs anything small (glucose water ions)

61
Q

What is selective reabsorbtion

A

reabsorb things they want to keep

62
Q

What happens when water levels are too low

A

pituitary gland releases ADH
ADH tells kidneys to reabsorb water

63
Q

What happens when water levels are too high

A

Hypothalamus stops sending signals to pituitary gland .
Kidneys produce more urine

64
Q

Define deamination

A

The liver convert amino acids into lipids and carbs and stored as energy

65
Q

Two ways ion can be removed

A

Sweating
kidneys

66
Q

Blood passes through …. and out ….

A

renal arteries
renal veins

67
Q

What happens when you have waste failures

A

waste substances build up in the bloodstream, unable to regulate water and iron levels

68
Q

What are the three ways we lose water

A

exhale
sweating
urine

69
Q

How do kidneys remove the waste product urea

A

• Blood enters kidney through artery and it contains urea
• The kidney removes urea and excess ions and water
• These leaves the kidney as URINE and is stored on bladder
• Blood leaves kidney through. vein

70
Q

How does the body deal with excess amino acids

A

• The liver breaks down the excess amino acids and produced chemical ammonia (deamination)
ammonia converted to urea

71
Q

If the levels of water falls in the blood, what does the pitruitary gland do

A

The pituitary gland releases ADH into bloodstream.
ADH travels to the kidneys and causes the kidney tubules to become more permeable to water

72
Q

What is the effect of releasing ADH

A

less urine produced
amount of water in blood rises to normal level

73
Q

What happens if the blood becomes too dilute

A

Pituitary gland stops releasing ADH.
The kidneys reabsorb less water into the blood

74
Q

What is the effect of the Pituitary Gland stop releasing ADH

A

more urine is produced
Concentration of water returns to normal

75
Q

How does Kidney dialysis work

A

The patients blood passes over a semi-permeable membrane
this allows urea ions and water through, not proteins
On the other side of membrane, dialysis fluid - norman concentrations of water and ions but no urea
urea diffuses from the bood by dialysis fluid

76
Q

Why can kidney dialysis be inconvenient

A

visit hospital 3 times a week
controlled diet

77
Q

Negatives of Dialysis

A

requires frequent treatment
controlled diet
expensive long term

78
Q

Negatives of Dialysis

A

Shortage of kidneys
Patients have to take anti-rejection drug.

79
Q

What is auxin

A

plant hormone at the shoot tip

80
Q

How do shoots use the hormone auxin to grow towards the light

A

• Auxin triggers cell growth
• Light causes auxin to concentrate on the darker side of the shoot tip
• Auxin spreads down the shoot
• Cells on the darker side grows faster than the lighter side
• This causes the shoot to grow towards the light

81
Q

Define gravitropism (geo tropism)

A

Plant roots grows towards the force of gravity

82
Q

What does auxin do in roots

A

inhibits cell geowth

83
Q

Explain gravitropism

A

Auxin produced in the root but gravity causes auxin to concentrate on lower side
Lower side grows more slowly than upper side this causes roots to grow towards force of gravity

84
Q

What are the other chemicals plants use to regulate behaviour

A

Gibberellins
Ethene

85
Q

What is the role of Gibberellin

A

starts germination of seeds

86
Q

What is the role of ethene

A

controls cells division and ripening of fruits

87
Q

What are auxins three main uses

A

Weed killers
Rooting powder
Promoting growth in tissue culture

88
Q

What are the uses of Gibberellin

A

• end seed dormancy (force a seed to germinate earlier)
• encourage plants to flower
• used to make fruit grow larger

89
Q

What are the uses of ethene

A

• Ripening

90
Q

Describe the structure and function of the retina

A

• The retina is a light sensitive layer found at the back of the eye

• light stimulates retinal cells resulting in impulses being sent to the brain

91
Q

Describe the structure and function of the the optic nerve

A

• Optic nerve connects the eye and the brain
• it carries impulses to the brain so that an image can be visualised

92
Q

Describe the structure and function of the sclera

A

The sclera is the tough outer layer of the eye which protects internal structures

93
Q

Describe the structure and function of the cornea

A

The cornea is the curved transparent layer at the front of the eye

it lets light into the eye and allows light to be focused onto the retina

94
Q

Describe the structure and function of the iris

A

iris which controls the size of the pupil by contracting or relaxing . This allows the eye to adjust to bright and dim lighting

95
Q

Describe the structure and function of the ciliary muscles and suspendiert ligaments

A

Hold the lens in place and control shape

96
Q

What is accommodation

A

alteration or the lens shape in order to focus on near or distant objects

97
Q

What is myopia (short sightedness)

A

usually occurs when the lens of the eye is too curved. As a result light is focused in the front of retina , images appear blurry

98
Q

What do concave lens do

A

spread out light rays so they can be focused on retina

99
Q

Explain Hyperopia (long-sightedness)

A

Lens of the eye is too flat
as a result light is focused behind retina so images appear out of focus

100
Q

What do convex lens do

A

brings light rays together so they can be focused on retina

101
Q

What are the two types of contact lenses

A

• Hard - rigid material , last long time must be kept sterile

• Soft - flexible material, lasts for a short time , comfortable

102
Q

What is laser eye surgery and how is it used for myopia and hyperopia

A

myopia - lasers reduce the thickness of cornea so light is refracted less strong key

hyperopia- lasers alter the curve of the cornea so light is reflected correctly

103
Q

What are the risks of lens replacement

A

retinal damage
cataracts
infections

104
Q

Explain vasodilation when the body temperature is too high

A

blood vessels near the skin dilate more heat is radiates away

105
Q

What is the role of the pituitary gland in the endocrine system

A

• Secretes human growth hormone - controls human growth
• Stimulates the thyroid gland
• Stimulates ovulation and the production of oestrogen in the ovaries
• Stimulates the production of sperm and testosterone in the testes

106
Q

What does insulin injections before meals results in

A

glucose to be converted into glyocogen

107
Q

What are the two main ways of treating kidney failure

A

dialysis
transplant

108
Q

What are the two types of oral contraceptives

A

• combined contraceptive pill (oestrogen progesterone)
• mini pill (progesterone)

109
Q

What is the contraception patch

A

• contains both oestrogen and progesterone
• a patch that is placed on the skin 7 days at a time

110
Q

what is the contraceptive implant

A

a small rod inserted under the skin which releases hormone progesterone

111
Q

What is the contraceptive injection

A

injection contains hormone progesterone

112
Q

What is the IUS

A

small plastic device that is inserted into the uterus
releases progesterone- thickens cervical mucus and prevents build up of uterus lining

113
Q

What is the IUD

A

small copper device inserted into uterus which prevents implantation of embryos

114
Q

What is spermicide

A

chemical that kills or immobilises sperm cells

115
Q

Two barrier methods of contraception

A

condoms
diaphragms - placed over crevix

116
Q

What surgical methods of contraception are available

A

sterilisation - in males , sperm ducts are tied (vasectomy) and in females the oviducts are tied

117
Q

Advantage of fertility treatment ?

A

allows infertile couples to have children
can store a woman’s eggs for later

118
Q

What is negative feedback

A

a type of control where the body respond to an increase or decrease factor by returning it to optimum level

119
Q

How is the release of thyroxine controlled by negative feedback

A

• levels of blood thyroxine falls - detected by receptors in the brain
• Pituitary gland releases more TSH
• more thyroxine releases by pituitary gland
• blood thyroxine level returns to normal

120
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline

A

• Increase in heart rate and breathing rate
• dilation of pupils
• increased metal awareness

121
Q

What is phototropism

A

response of a plants shoot or root to light

122
Q

What is troposim

A

response of a plant to specific stimulus

123
Q

what is gravitroposim

A

response of a plants short or root to gravity

124
Q

How do plant shoots show positive phototropism

A

• one side of the shoot is in the light , causing auxin to move to shaded side
• at shaded side cells are stimulated to grow- shoot bends towards lights
• photosynthesis can occur at a faster rate

125
Q

Disadvantages of fertility treatment

A

very expensive
multiple pregnancies
low success rate

126
Q

How is temperature monitored by the body

A

• Thermoregulatory centre has receptors sensitive to blood temperature

• Skin has receptors sensitive to skin temperature- sends impulses to thermoregulatory centre

127
Q

What ion does sweat have

A

sodium

Biology (7 decks)

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