Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > cell biology (topic 1)✅ > Flashcards

cell biology (topic 1)✅ Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Contain chlorophyll absorb light through photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In which part of the cell does respiration take place

A

‘Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is the dna found in prokaryotic cells

A

In the cytoplasm and plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Muscle cells contain a lot of mitochondria explain why

A

Mitochondria transfers energy during aerobic respiration, muscles need energy to contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the main function of a root hair cell?

A

To take up water and mineral ions from the soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name the chemical that makes xylem rigid

A

Lignin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What term is used to refer for two solutions with identical concentrations

A

Isotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How are leaves adapted to increase their surface area ?

A

Leaves are flat and thin and have internal air spaces and stomata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why do some cells have large numbers of ribosomes ?

A

To produce large quantities of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a cytoplasm?

A

a jelly-like material containing nutrients and salts where chemical reactions take place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the vacuole

A

A large sac in the middle of the cell that contains a watery solution of sugars and salts
It helps maintain the structure and shape of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define Magnification

A

How many times larger the image is than the object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define resolution

A

The shortest distance between two points on an object that can still be distinguished as two separate entities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which is cheaper a light microscope or an electron microscope

A

light microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Two advantages of a light microscope

A

Easy to use
relatively cheap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Disadvantages of a light microscope

A

• rely on light
• resolution is limited to 0.2 micrometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Disadvantages of Electron microscope

A

• very expensive
• hard to use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Advantages of electron microscope

A

• use electrons instead of light
• maximum resolution is 0.1nm
• 2000x better resolution than light microscope
• can use to study sub-cellular structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

smallest to biggest measurements (5)

A

nm, um, mm, m , km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Roughly how large is a bacterial cell?

A

1 micrometer across

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the smallest size the human eye can see

A

the width of a human hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the three reasons why new cells are required ?

A

growth development and repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do you prepare your microscope slide to view onion cells

A

1) Add a drop of water to the middle of a clean slide
2) cut up an onion using scalpel and separate it out into layers. Use tweezers to peel off an epidermal tissue
3) using tweezers place epidermal tissue in water on slide
4) add a drop of iodine solution. Iodine solution is a stain . Stains are used to highlight objects in a cell by adding colour t them
5) place a colour slip on top .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do you use a light microscope to look at your slide

A

1) clip the slide you’ve prepared onto the stage
2) Select the lowest powered objective lens (lowest magnification)
3) use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage up to just below the objective lens
4) Look down the eyepiece use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage downwards until the image is roughly in focus
5) Adjust the focus with the fine adjustment knob until you get a clear image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define Differentiation

A

Process by which cells changes to becomes specialised for its job

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Examples of cells that differentiate in mature animal

A

Skin cells
Blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are undifferentiated cells called

A

Stem Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Name the 5 specialised cells and what they are for

A

• Sperm cells (reproduction)
• Nerve Cells (rapid signalling)
• Muscle cells (contraction)
• Root hair cells (absorbing water and minerals
• Phloem and Xylem Cells (transporting substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the cell cycle

A

The series of steps that take place as a cell grows and divides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the 5 steps of the cell cycle

A

1) The cell gets larger and produces more sub-cellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes

2) chromosomes duplicate so that each consist of two arms

3) More cell growth

4) Mitosis- the DNA divides into two

5) Cytokinesis- the cell divides into two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Are cells produced by mitosis identical or not

A

Identical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How many cells are produced after the cell divides by mitosis

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the 4 steps of mitosis and cytokinesis

A

1) DNA condenses to form chromosomes

2) Chromosomes line up against the centre of the cells

3) Cell fibres pull two arms of each chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell

4) Cytokinesis- the cell divides to form two identical daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

define binary fission

A

the process by which prokaryotic organisms divide and reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

on average how often does bacteria double

A

once every 20 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Name the parts of a bacteria cell

A

• Cell wall
• Cell membrane
• Plasmid
• Ribosome
• Cytoplams
• Flagellum

37
Q

What two things must a bacteria cell do before it can divide

A

grow
duplicate genetic material

38
Q

Once a bacterial cell has grown and replicated it’s genetic material it is ready to divide by binary fission
Describe the stages of this process

A

The two circular strands of DNA move to opposite sides of the cell

A new cell wall forms down the middle of the cell

The two halves pull apart to form two cells

39
Q

What three conditions do bacteria require for fast growth

A

• Warm
• Moist
• Plenty of nutrients

40
Q

What are two features of stem cells

A

• Divide by mitosis to form more cells
• Able to differentiate into specialised cells

41
Q

What are the two features of Adult stem cells

A

• Can divide by mitosis
• Can only differentiate into different types of blood cells

42
Q

Where are plant stem cells found ?

A

Meristems

43
Q

Name the two type of stem cells found in animals

A

• Adult stem cells
• Embryonic stem cells

44
Q

Define an embryo

A

a ball of cells

45
Q

What are cells in the embryo also called

A

Embryonic stem cells

46
Q

Where are adult stem cells found

A

Bone marrow

47
Q

Which two parts of the plant contains meristem tissues

A

Tips of roots
Tips of shoots

48
Q

What is the role of a sperm cell

A

Deliver genetic material to an egg in order to fertilise it

49
Q

give examples of metbollic reactions in cells

A

• photosynthesis
• respiration
• formation of proteins

50
Q

Identify two factors that embryonic stem cells have

A

Divide by mitosis
Differentiate into lots of different specialised cells

51
Q

Identify two factors of adult stem cells

A

Divide by mitosis
Only differentiate into blood cells

52
Q

What are stem cells used for

A

To replace faulty cells

53
Q

What is the technique used to extract stem cells for medication

A

1) Extract embryonic stem cells from early embryos
2) grow them in a laboratory
3) Stimulate them to differentiate into which ever type of specialised cell
4) Give to patient to replace faulty cells

54
Q

What are the drawbacks of stem cells in medicine

A

• Limited supply
• Ethical Issues
• Rejection

55
Q

What are the risks of stem cells in medicine

A

• Virus transmission
• Tumour development

56
Q

What does it mean when nerve cells are damaged

A

messages no longer be sent to muscles properly result in paralysis

57
Q

What are two advantages of adult stem cells

A

• Taken from patient themselves, won’t cause rejection
• Taken from patient , not limited supply

58
Q

Define diffusion

A

Movement of net particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

59
Q

Define partially permeable membrane

A

Only some molecules can pass through membrane

60
Q

3 factors affecting rate of diffusion

A

Concentration gradient
Temperature
Surface Area

61
Q

What molecules are able to diffuse in and out of cells

A

• Glucose
• Amino Acids
• Water

62
Q

Define Osmosis

A

Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to region of lower water concentration

63
Q

What happens when red blood cells are put in water

A

Gain water and swell

64
Q

Explain the practical on the effect of osmosis on plant tissue

A

• First peel potatoe (skin affect osmosis)
• Use a cork borer to produce three cylinders of potato (makes all same diameter)
• Use scalpel to trim cylinders to same length
• Measure length of each cylinder using a ruler and mass of each cylinder using a balance
• now place each cylinder into a test tube , add 10cm cubes of 0.5 molar sugar solution to first tube
• add 10 cm cubed of 0.25 molar sugar solution to the second tube and 10cm cubed of distilled water to third

• leave potato cylinder overnight to allow osmosis to take place

• next remove potato cylinders and gently roll them on paper towel to remove may surface moisture

• measure length and mass of cylinders again

65
Q

Why do we use distilled water instead of tap water

A

because distilled water contains no dissolved substances and they could affect rate of osmosis

66
Q

how to calculate percentage change

A

change in value / original value x 100

67
Q

Explain the factors of active transport

A

• Particles are moved against the concentration gradient

• Does require energy from respiration

68
Q

Where does active transport take place in our body

A

lumen of small intestine
(sugars transported)

69
Q

What is an example of active transport in plants

A

root hair cell
(ions into plants from soil)

70
Q

What are the features of the sperm cell and how it helps

A

contains a nuclei _ to provide chromosomes for fertilisation

long tail - help the cell to swim to the egg

71
Q

What are three features of nerve cell

A

long
branches.
insulation

72
Q

What is the function of objective lens

A

determines resolution of the microscope

73
Q

What is the function of the adjustment knob

A

focuses image

74
Q

what does a red blood cell burst and plant cell does not burst when pit in water

A

water enters the cell by osmosis and plant cell has a cell wall which prevents from bursting red blood cell does not

75
Q

Explain how human lungs are adapted for efficient exchange of gases by diffusion (6)

A

• many alveoli provide large surface area
• capillaries are thin , provide short diffusion path
•breathing bring air in and out to bring in fresh oxygen
• large capillary network to remove oxygenated blood quickly

76
Q

What is the name of the enzyme which breaks down starch to produce sugars

A

amylase

77
Q

which chemical can be used to test for glucose

A

benedict’s reagents

78
Q

Describe the transport of water through a plant from the roots to the atmosphere

A

water transported in xylem
water evaporates from leaves
through the stomata

79
Q

Give examples of substances transported by diffusion in the lungs and the kidney

A

lungs: oxygen diffuse into the blood from the lungs and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the lungs

kidney : urea diffuses from cells into blood plasma

80
Q

What four factors increase the effectiveness of a gas exchange surface

A

• large surface area
• thin membrane
• efficient blood supply
• ventilation

81
Q

What happens in hypotonic solution

A

water moves into the cell causing it to burst

82
Q

What happens in hypertonic solution

A

water moves out of the cell causing it to shrivel

83
Q

How is active transport used to absorb the products of digestion

A

Active transport, transports glucose from a lower concentration in the gut to a higher concentration in the blood. Glucose is then transported to the tissues where it can be used in respiration

84
Q

describe the first stage of the cell cycle

A

cell grows and DNA replicated and synthesises mitochondria and ribosomes

85
Q

describe the second stage of the cell cycle

A

each chromosome is in a pair and pulled to the opposite poles of the cell then NUCLEUS divides

86
Q

Describe the third stage of the cell cycle

A

the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide - two identical cells are produced

87
Q

What are the advantages of cloning plants using meristem stem cells

A

• can prevent rare plants from becoming extinct
• can produce identical plants for research
• can produce large numbers of plants with a favourable characteristic

88
Q

what scientific term describes the movement of water

A

transpiration stream

89
Q

Compare the structure and function of xylem cell and phloem cell

A

• xylem is made up of dead cells
phloem is made up of living

• xylem does not contain cytoplasm
phloem contains cytoplasm

• xylem contains lignin
phloem does not contain lignin

both made of cells

FUNCTION
• xylem transports water ions phloem transports dissolved sugars
• xylem involved in transpiration phloem involved in translocation

Biology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions