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Biology > infection and response ✅ topic 3 > Flashcards

infection and response ✅ topic 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are considered microorganisms?

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
Protists

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2
Q

What is a pathogen

A

A microorganism that can cause disease

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3
Q

What are the four main ways pathogens are spread

A

• Through the air - influenza through tiny droplets of saliva that we expel when we cough or sneeze
• Contaminated water - cholera spread through water sources contaminated by diarrhoea

• contaminated food - diseases such as salmonella

• direct contact - athletes foot walking bare foot on surfaces contaminated by fungi

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4
Q

Give three ways we can reduce the spread of infectious disease

A

• Vaccination
• Killing the vectors that carry pathogens
• Isolating
• Improved hygiene

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5
Q

TRUE OR FALSE viruses are living organisms

A

FALSE

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6
Q

TRUE OR FALSE viruses are made of cells

A

NO

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7
Q

Explain how viruses spread and multiply

A

1) Viruses can pass between humans via the air, contaminated food and water or direct contact

2) They can’t produce themselves, viruses have to enter one of our cells and then use it to create multiple copies of the virus itself

3) Once there are lots of copies, the viruses cause the cell to burst and then go on to infect neighbouring cells

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8
Q

How can measles be spread between people?

A

Via droplets in air when an infected person coughs or sneezes

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9
Q

What are the symptoms or measles

A

Red skin rash
Fever

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10
Q

Which two ways can HIV be spread between people

A

Sexual Contact
Exchange of bodily fluids

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11
Q

What can an infection with HIV virus lead to

A

AIDS

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12
Q

What is the treatment for HIV/AIDS

A

Antiretroviral drugs

this stops the virus from multiplying inside patient, does not damage immune system

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13
Q

What organisms does Tobacco Mosaic Virus infect

A

PLANTS

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14
Q

What is the main symptom of TMV

A

Patches of leaves get discoloured

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15
Q

TMV reduces the amount of photosynthesis that a plant can do

what are the consequences of this ?

A

• The plants won’t be able to grow as well
• The plant won’t be able to produce as many sugars

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16
Q

What are the small proteins that bacteria releases that damage cells

A

TOXINS

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17
Q

What is salmonella (1)

A

bacterial disease spread by consuming contaminated food

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella

A

Fever, Vomiting, Diarrhoea, Stomach cramps

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19
Q

What are the symptoms do gonorrhea? (STD)

A

Pain when urinating
Yellow/green discharge from the vagina or penis

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20
Q

How can you prevent the spread of gonorrhoea

A

avoid unsafe sex
use a condom
tested for gonorrhoea

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21
Q

What is the treatment for gonorrhoea

A

Antibiotics such as penicillin

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22
Q

What are examples eukaryotic organisms ?

A

Plants
Fungi
Animals
Proctists

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23
Q

Explain Rose Black spot (3)

A

Rose black spot is a fungal disease that causes purple or black spots develop on leaves, which then often turn yellow and drop off.

This reduces photosynthesis and so also reduces the growth of the plant

It can b spread by water or the wind

Treatment involves spraying the infected plants with fungicides or destroying the affected leaves

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24
Q

Protists are transported between hosts by

A

VECTORS (a mosquito that carries pathogen from one person to another)

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25
Q

Explain Malaria (communicable)

A

The organisms that cause malaria are a type of protist

They are transported between hosts by mosquitoes

The symptoms include fevers and headaches

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26
Q

How can we reduce the spread of malaria ?

A

• stop breeding of mosquitos drain still water areas
• Use mosquito nets
• Kill mosquito with insecticides

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27
Q

What are the following that act as barriers to reduce the entry of pathogens

A

• Skin
• Hairs in the nose
• Enzymes in tears

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28
Q

How does skin help to defend against disease

A

• It secretes oils and anti microbial substances that kill pathogens

• the outer layer of the skin consists of dead cells and is difficult for pathogens to penetrate

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29
Q

What are the hairs in the nose coated with to catch pathogens

A

Mucus

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30
Q

what are the tiny hair like projections that waft the mucus and pathogens away from the lungs

A

CILIA (trachea and bronchi)

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31
Q

What is the role of the immune system

A

To locate and destroy pathogens and any toxins they produce

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32
Q

What are the functions of the white blood cells (3)

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS
Produce antitoxins
producing antibodies

33
Q

Explain stages of phagocytosis

A

1) Phagocytosis is carried out by a phagocyte

2) First step for phagocyte is to track down pathogen and the chemicals they release and bind to it

3) The phagocytes membrane will surround the pathogen and engulf it

4) enzymes inside the phagocyte break down the pathogen in order to destroy ur

34
Q

What do anti toxins do

A

Bind and neutralise the toxins produced by bacteria

35
Q

A vaccine can protect humans from a viral disease What does the vaccine contain

A

dead or inactive pathogen

36
Q

Explain why a high level of TMV infection reduces growth in a plant (2)

A

As the level of infection of TMV increases the rate of photosynthesis decreases
this means less chlorophyll so results in less glucose being made

37
Q

One type of microorganisms that can cause disease in human

A

bacteria , fungi , protist

38
Q

ANTIBIOTICS DO NOT

A

kill VIRUSES

39
Q

What are the two uses of glucose in a gorse plant

A

Respiration
to store as starch

40
Q

Why are nitrate ions needs in plants

A

Nitrate ions are needed to make proteins / amino acids
which are needed for growth

41
Q

What are the tablets made from sugar called

A

Placebos

42
Q

What type of pathogen cause malaria

A

PROTIST

43
Q

Describe how the human body
• prevents pathogens from entring
• defends itself against pathogens inside the body (6)

A

preventing pathogen from entering
- skin acts as a barrier (oil on skin repels pathogens)
- stomach contains HCL which kills the bacteria in food
- eyes produce tears which contains enzymes to kill bacteria , tears are antiseptic
- nose produces mucus , mucus is sticky, mucus traps bacteria, mucus carried away by cilia

DEFENCE INSIDE THE BODY
• immune system / white blood cells
white blood cells engulf pathogens
antitoxins are produced
• antitoxins neutralise toxins which are produced by pathogen
• antibodies produced
• antibodies destroy pathogens
• memory cells are formed

44
Q

what is TB

A

communicable lung disease

45
Q

What happens to people with defective immune systems

A

more likely to suffer from infectious diseases

46
Q

How can bacteria make us ill

A

They release toxins
Toxins damage tissues and make us feel ill 

47
Q

How can viruses reproduce

A

in a host cell

48
Q

Explain the life cycle of malaria

A

first the infected person is bitten by a mosquito. The malaria pathogen passes into the mosquito.
The mosquito now bites a different person and passes the malaria pathogen to them

49
Q

How does stomach protect us from pathogens

A

Stomach contains hydrochloric acid
this kills pathogens before they get any further

50
Q

Explain the factors antibodies

A

• protein molecules produced by white blood cell
• antibodies stick to pathogens
• triggers pathogen to be destroyed

51
Q

how can rose black spot be spread

A

water or wind

52
Q

How can rose black spot be treated

A

spray plant with fungicides
remove infectious leaves then destroy them

53
Q

Explain vaccination

A

• Involves introducing small amounts of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body
• white blood cells are stimulated to produce antibodies against the dead pathogen
• white blood cells divide by mitosis

54
Q

who discovered pencillin

A

alexander flemming

55
Q

How are drugs tested and trialled (3)

A

1) first test toxicity of drug
2) check if drug is effective
3) work out the dosage

56
Q

Explain the stages of drug testing

A

1) preclinical testing on cells, tissues od animals
2) clinical testing in humans - very low doses given to healthy humans

57
Q

define placebo

A

a tablet or injection with no active drug in it

58
Q

Explain a double blind trial

A

The test group receive the active drug
the placebo group receive a dummy drug with no active ingredient
neither patients or doctors know which people are receiving each drug
to stop bias

59
Q

What are antibodies produced by

A

white blood cells called lymphocytes

60
Q

what are foreign objects

A

antigens

61
Q

What is the process of obtaining monoclonal antibodies

A

• When injected with an antigen the lymphocytes will produce antibodies against the antigen
• Then collect the lymphocytes from the mouse
• Join the lymphocytes with a tumour cell (mitosis)
• The cell produced is called hybridoma
• Hybridoma cells produce antibodies
• Select hybridoma cell and allow to divide by mitosis to form a clone of identical hybridoma cells
• These are called monoclonal antibodies

62
Q

An advantage of monoclonal antibodies

A

they can target a specific chemical/cells in the body

63
Q

What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies (5)

A

• pregnancy testing
• identify effects of pathogens
• locate blood clots
• treating some cancers
•to identify other hormones

64
Q

How aphids affect plants

A

Aphids extract sugars from the phloem , not enough glucose to make proteins for growth

65
Q

How to identify plant disease

A

garden manual or website
lab testing

66
Q

What are the two examples of plant ion deficiency

A

•a lack of nitrate ion causes stunted growth because nitrate is needed for protein synthesis and therefore growth

• a lack of magnesium ion can cause chlorosis because magnesium is required to make chlorophyll

67
Q

Explain plant defence - physical response (born with it)

A

•all plants have a cell wall
this is difficult for microorganisms to penetrate

• leaves are covered in waxy circle difficult for microorganisms to penetrate which protects plants from attack

• bark is a barrier to microorganisms

68
Q

Explain plant defence - chemical response

A

• plants can release antibacterial chemicals which kill bacteria

• plants release poisons to deter herbivores from grazing on the plant

69
Q

Explain plant defence - mechanical defence (3)

A

• Sharp thorns prevent eaten by a herbivore
• hairs that irritate mouth of herbivores
• mimicry - easily mistake white nettle for stinging nettle

70
Q

Antibiotics only

A

are effective against bacterial pathogens

71
Q

hybridoma cells can…

A

divide continuously this means they can produces monoclonal antibodies on a large scale

72
Q

Two uses of monoclonal antibodies in cancer

A

• They bind to receptors of cancer cells preventing them from growing

• They signal to the immune system to destroy the cancer cells

73
Q

why are new MABS made from humans more successful than MABS made form mice

A

the body is less likely to reject the Mabs

74
Q

describe how injecting a monoclonal antibody for RSV helps to treat a patient suffering with the disease

A

• white blood cells engulf the virus
• monoclonal antibodies binds to the virus

75
Q

Why are some people giving a placebo

A

to compare the effects of the treatment vs no treatment

76
Q

Explain how the pregnancy test strip works to show a positive result

A

as urine passes through the reaction zone
HCG hormone binds to the mobile HCG antibody
HCG binds to the immobilised HCG antibodies in the result zone

other antibodies do not attach to HCG
bind to antibiotics in control zone
blue dye appears in both control and result zones

77
Q

Define Translocation

A

Transporting dissolved sugars around plants

78
Q

Explain one way the removal of dissolved sugars from the stem of the plant causes stunted growth

A

Less sugars for respiration so less protein produced

79
Q

Explain how the production of oils on the surface of the leaf may protect plants from aphids

A

oils prevent aphids from attaching to the leaf (slide off)

Biology (7 decks)

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