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History > Paper 1 - Medicine GCSE 2018 > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Medicine GCSE 2018 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did they believe caused illnesses in 1000-1500?

A
  • Illness was sent from God and was a punishment for a son
  • Miasma belief in bad air causing illness
  • Leprosy disease sent from God to punish
  • The belief that the four humours being balanced would avoid illness
  • Astrology was used to explain disease. Position of planets cause disease on earth
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2
Q

Who was Hippocrates?

A

Developed the theory of the four humours, encourages doctors to observe and record patients before diagnosing, wrote the Hippocratic collection, created the Hippocratic oath

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3
Q

Who was Galen?

A

Believed in four humours but developed it into the theory of the opposites e.g if u were too hot you had something cold to treat it. Proved that the brain controlled the body and not the heart as had previously been believed. His ideas were followed by the Church and believed throughout the Roman period and middle ages

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4
Q

Who invented the printing press and what did it lead to?

A

Johan Guttenberg in 1440 led to medical texts being spread a lot quicker

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5
Q

What did they rely on the Articella for?

A

Teach students in the middle ages

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6
Q

What did they rely on the Articella for?

A

Teach students in the middle ages

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7
Q

What were some treatments in the middle ages 1000 - 1500?

A
  • Pilgrimes a to the tombs of people noted for their healing powers
  • Attending mass and saying healing prayers
  • Blood Letting
  • Astrology treatments were given depending on your horoscope
  • herbal remedies used to re balance the body
  • Most people in the Middle ages were treated at home by a female family member
  • Barber surgeons performed minor operations such as pulling teeth and bleeding patients
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8
Q

What were some prevention methods in the middle ages 1000 - 1500?

A
  • Attending mass and saying healing prayers
  • Diet was seen as being important. Eating too much was strongly discouraged
  • Purifying the air was often used. Sweet herbs such as lavender
  • Using charms to ward off diseases
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9
Q

Where would treatments take place in the middle ages?

A

Home - women would take care of relatives. Treatments included rest, herbal remedies and keeping the patient clean
Hospitals - number of hospitals increased during the middle ages. 30% were owned by the Church and run by monks and nuns. Some were set up to deal with lepers who were kept in isolation. Provided rest and care
Barber surgeons - performed simple operations using a sharp knife such as blood letting and pulling teeth out
Apothecary - less expensive than a doctor. They sold mixed herbal remedies
Physicians - attended uni for seven years. They diagnosed illness and suggested a treatment with ideas being based on Galen and Hippocrates. Studied patients urine using a chart. Only treated the rich.

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10
Q

When was the black death outbreaks and how much did it kill?

A

1348 caused the death of 40% of the population

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11
Q

What did they believe caused the black death in 1348?

A
  • God sent plague as a punishment for sins
  • position on the planets
  • The four humours
  • Bad air had poisoned the body
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12
Q

What were some of the treatments for the outbreak of the Black death in 1348?

A
  • Holy charms were worn
  • Bleeding and purging to rebalance the humours
  • Sniffing strong herbs
  • Fires were lit to remove bad air
  • Victims would burst their bible’s in the hope it would get rid of the illness
  • People prayed to God for forgiveness, donated money to the Church and confessed their sins
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13
Q

How did they prevent the Balck death outbreaks in 1348?

A
  • Pray to God
  • Flagellants would whip themselves
  • People went on pilgrimages to holy places
  • Rakers cleared the streets of dung and fines for throwing litter were increased
  • To reduce waste on the streets, butcher’s w3r3 given a segregated part of the town use
  • Victims were quarantined to prevent illness from spreading
  • People carried poised of sweet smelling herbs
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14
Q

When was the Medical renaissance and what was it?

A

1500 - 1700
Time period know as the renaissance ( re-birth in learning) however there were little change overall in treatments and prevention

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15
Q

What was some continuing beliefs about the cause of disease in the Medical renaissance?

A
  • Miasma
  • God
  • Supernatural
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16
Q

What was the change in beliefs during the Medical renaissance?

A
  • Catholic Church lost influence due to the spread of Protestantism across Europe. Most people didn’t believe that illness was sent by God
  • Theory of the four humours was still used however it became less popular
  • Urine analysis no longer linked to Ill health
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17
Q

What was some new beliefs/influences during the Medical renaissance?

A

Animalcules - New idea that little animals were the cause of illness. Microscopes were used to identify these animals however the images weren’t clear
Printing Press - Invented in the 15th century by Johan Guttenberg. Helped to spread medical information quicker and further.
The Royal Society - Scientists wanted to talk to each other about their new ideas and this led to the royal society being established.

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18
Q

Who was Van Leeuwenhoek?

A

Had several letters published by the royal society including his theory about animalcula.

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19
Q

Who was Hooke?

A

Used his own microscope to confirm the finding from Van Leeuwenhoek

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20
Q

Who was Vesalius?

A

Wrote the book the fabric of the human body which questioned Galend ideas for the first time. The book included accurate drawings of the body. Found 300 mistakes Galen made including the human jaw bone had one bone not two, breast bone in three part not severn, human kidneys were level. Galen dissected animals

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21
Q

Who was Sydenham?

A

Important in moving medicine in Britain away from the ideas of Galen and Hippocrates. Closely observed patients treating the disease causing all the symptoms and not treating the symptoms separately. He identified measles and scarlet fever were different illnesses

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22
Q

What was some continuing ideas about treatment and prevention during the Medical renaissance?

A
  • Blood Letting
  • purging and swearing
  • herbal remedies
  • regimen sanitaties. List of instructions a patient should follow in order to stay healthy
  • removal of bad air
  • treatment by barber surgeon or women
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23
Q

What were some changes in the ideas about treatment and prevention during the Medical renaissance?

A

People started to believe in transference, people looked towards science for cures, hospitals began to treat people with curable diseases. The growth of alchemy led to people looking for chemical cures instead of herbal remedies

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24
Q

What was the changes in care and treatment during the Medical renaissance?

A
  • Apothacaries and surgeons were better educated
  • Wars were being fought with new technology which meant there were new wound that required different surgery
  • increase in chemical cures led to new ingredients being available to apothacaries
  • The decline in the power of church dissection became legal although it was difficult to get corpses. Printing Press helped training books were more widely available
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25
Q

When did the great plague return to England?

A

17 century

1665

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26
Q

What ideas about the cause of plague in 1665 similar to the ones with the outbreak in 1348?

A
  • Astrology
  • Punishment from God
  • Imbalance in the humours
  • Miasma
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26
Q

What ideas about the cause of plague similar to the ones with the outbreak in 1348?

A
  • Astrology
  • Punishment from God
  • Imbalance in the humours
  • Miasma
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27
Q

What were some different ideas about the cause of the grat plague in 1665?

A
  • Person to person by touch

* Cats and dogs spread the illness

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28
Q

What was some ideas about treatment and prevention about the great plague similar to the outbreak in 1348?

A

Praying to God
Plague victims quarantined for 28 day
People carried a pomander

29
Q

What was some different ideas about treatment and prevention about the great plague similar to the outbreak in 1348?

A

Fasting took place and diets were changes so they included a lot of garlic
Plague doctors wearing a bird like mask treated the sick. Birds were meant to attract the disease
Smoking tobacco
Burning barrels of tar
Increase role of the local authorities

29
Q

What was some different ideas about treatment and prevention about the great plague similar to the outbreak in 1348?

A

Fasting took place and diets were changes so they included a lot of garlic
Plague doctors wearing a bird like mask treated the sick. Birds were meant to attract the disease
Smoking tobacco
Burning barrels of tar
Increase role of the local authorities

30
Q

What was the impact of Vesalius?

A

Encouraged other doctors to base their work on dissection instead of reading old books
Physicians were angry that Vesalius had questioned Galen
Work inspired others. After his death Fabricius went on to discover valves in human veins

31
Q

Who was Harvey?

A

Proved that blood flowed in one direction. Proved that the heart acted as a pump to move the same blood around the body. Galen had believed that new blood was create don the live before being used up by the body.
His research involved dissecting human corpses and cutting open cold blooded animals

32
Q

What was the impact of Harvey?

A

His theory encourage others to experience on actual bodies
His discovery did little to influence the treatments that were given to ordinary people
His work was openly criticized as he didn’t have a powerful microscope

35
Q

What was the cause of illness between 1700 - 1900?

A

People still believed in the four humours and miasma
New theory was spontaneous generation. Improved microscopes meant scientists could now see microbes on decaying matter. Spontaneous generation was the theory that disease was present first and as a result tiny microbes would appear as a result of the miasma
Germ theory was published by Louis Pateur. He proved Germs were causing beer to go off a he examined products at a local brewery in Lille. Led him to believe that herbs were also the cause of human illness

36
Q

Who was Pasteur?

A

Developed the germ theory which disproved spontaneous generation. Proved that illness was caused by germs in the air. Conducted an experiment using a swan neck flask in order to show his discovery. Developed a number of vaccinations including for chicken cholera

37
Q

What was the impact of Pasteur?

A
  • Encouraged some doctors to look for the link between microbes and infection
  • Little initial impact on medicine as spontaneous generation was promoted in Britain by Henry Bastian who was one of the most powerful doctors in the country
  • Long term impact - Knowledge of germs led to Kochs vaccinations, magic bullet, public health acts, antiseptic surgery, cleaner hospitals and aseptic surgery
38
Q

Who was Koch?

A

Following on from Pasteur’s work, Koch used powerful microscopes to identify which particular germ caused specific diseases. He then went on to develop a range of vaccinations including for Tuberculosis.

39
Q

What was the impact of Koch?

A
  • Made it easier to see microbes by developing a dye that would stain them
  • His work inspired others to look for microbes which led to a range of vaccinations being developed
  • discovery of germs had little impact on treatment. Took time for vaccines and cures to be developed
  • British government initially rejected the idea of the Germ Theory
40
Q

Who was Florence Nightingale?

A

A nurse in the Crimean war she dramatically reduced the death rates from injured soldiers by regularly cleaning the wards, changing bed linen and improving the layout and ventilation of the hospital. She believed that miasma was spreading illness. When she returned to Britain a training school for nurses was set up in London. She was also regularly consulted by the government when new hospitals were created.

41
Q

What was surgery like before 1850?

A
  • Dangerous for the patients
  • surgeons had to work quickly as there were no anaesthetics, patients would cry out and struggle thus making operation more difficult
  • Infection - instruments not sterilised, surgeons clothes were not clean, bandages were reused, surgeons did not wash their hands
  • Bleeding - There were no blood transfusions
42
Q

What were some ways of reducing pain during surgery in the 18th and 19th century?

A
  • Herbal remedies
  • Get drunk
  • Opium
43
Q

Who was Robert Liston?

A

Famous surgeon who once amputated a leg in 28 seconds and used ether

44
Q

What did Davy discover and when?

A

Laughing Gas in 1799

45
Q

Who was Horace wells?

A

A dentist who used laughing gas when extracting teeth

46
Q

Who was William Morton?

A

A dentist who used ether during an operation

47
Q

Who was Lister?

A

developed the use of carbolic acid. He first used carbolic on bandages and encouraged doctors to wash their hands in the substance. He then developed a carbolic spray for use in surgery and carbolic ligatures to seal and remove infection from a wound

48
Q

What was so important about Queen Victoria?

A

Gave birth under the use of chloroform which helped win acceptance

49
Q

What was some opposition to anaesthetics?

A
  • Chloroform was new and untested. No one knew what dose to give the patient nor what side effects it would have
  • Some felt pain from childbirth was god given, it was unnatural to take it away
  • More people died from surgery after the discovery of anaesthetics
50
Q

Who was James Simpson?

A

Discovered the value of chloroform as an anaesthetic when experimenting with a range of drugs at a party

51
Q

What was some opposition to antiseptics?

A
  • People thought Lister was arrogant
  • Carbolic acid cracked the surgeons skin and made everything smell
  • New method was difficult to set up
  • surgeons wanted to operate quickly, Listers work just slowed things down
  • The equipment was heavy and expensive
52
Q

Who was Jenner?

A

created the first vaccination. After speaking to milkmaids he came up with the theory if you had the disease of cowpox then you shouldn’t get the deadly illness smallpox. He tested his theory on his gardeners son by giving him cowpox then smallpox.

53
Q

What were some evidence that people supported Jenner?

A
  • Vaccinations became widely used and were compulsory after 1852
  • Vaccines used worldwide
  • In 1980 it was announced that smallpox had been eradicated
54
Q

What were some evidence that people opposed Jenner?

A
  • anti-vaccine league established in 1866
  • inoculators opposed Jenner because it cost them money
  • Jenner couldn’t explain why his vaccine worked so people refused to believe
55
Q

Who was Snow?

A

Proved that cholera was spread by dirty water. He plotted the deaths of residents in soho and noticed that they were all around the Broad Street pump. He persuaded the council to remove the handle from the pump and people stopped dying from the disease.

56
Q

Who was Chadwick?

A

Wrote a report on the Sanatation and Living conditions of the Working Population. This showed the awful conditions that people lived in in the towns. His report led to the Public Health act 1848 which gave councils the option of providing fresh water and sewage. It wasn’t until 1875 Public Health Act however that these changes became compulsory for councils

57
Q

What did the Public Health Act 1848 encourage cities to do?

A

• Set up boards of health and provide clean water however it was no compulsory

58
Q

What did the Public Health Act 1875 do?

A

Cities were forced to improve sanitary conditions by providing clean water, a sewage system and public toilets. They also had to employ a public health officer to monitor conditions and provide street lights

59
Q

Who is Watson and Crick?

A

Built a model of DNA called the Double Helix. Wtason launched the Human Genome Project in 1990 which sought to map the entire human genome. The first draft was completed in 2000

60
Q

What was the impacts of the discovery of DNA in 1900?

A

Prevention - After abnormal genes have been identified, patients can be informed and they can try to prevent the disease from developing
Treatment - In the future some illness will be treated using gene therapy. At the moment these treatments are only being trialled

61
Q

What are some improvements in diagnosis after 1900?

A

X-rays - see inside the human body
CT and MRI scans - produce detailed images of internal organs to see tumours or internal damage
Ultrasound - an image produced from sound to check the development of an unborn baby
ECG - measures the hearts activity and can identify an irregular heartbeat
Endoscope - camera on the end of a tube to see inside the body via the mouth or anus to investigate the digestive system
Blood Testing - used to diagnose illness
Blood pressure monitor - diagnose high and low blood pressure

62
Q

What is the magic bullet?

A

chemical cure that attacks the microbe that causes disease

63
Q

What are the two magic bullets?

A

Salvarsan 606 - used to treat syphilis. It was developed by Paul Enrlich in 1909
Prontosil - used to cure blood poisoning. It was discovered by Gerhard Domagk in 1932

64
Q

Who is Florey and Chain?

A

Read Flemings paper and then tried to mass produce penicillin using milk churns, baths and refrigerators. It proved difficult to mass produce. They tried to secure funding from Britain and then the US government. The USA agreed to fund penicillin when the country entered WW2 in 194. This antibiotic was used to treat soldiers on D-day

65
Q

What are some new medical treatments that have been discovered at the beginning of the 20th century?

A
  • Radiotherapy and chemotherapy to shrink tumours growing inside the body
  • Dialysis to clean the blood of patients with kidney failure
  • Prosthetic limbs to replace lost limbs
  • Transplant surgery
  • Keyhole surgery to prevent cutting into patients body
66
Q

When did the government introduce the NHS?

A

1948

67
Q

What does the NHS provide?

A
  • Hospitals
  • GP’s
  • Dentists
  • Ambulances
  • Health Visitors
68
Q

What two compulsory vaccines did the government introduce?

A

diptheria (1942)

polio (1950)

69
Q

What two laws have the government passed to ensure healthy living conditions?

A
  • The Clean Acts 1956 and 1968 - prevent smog from air pollution
  • Health Act 2006 - made it illegal to smoke in all enclosed workplaces
70
Q

How is Lung cancer diagnosed?

A

PET-CT scan or a dye to identify the cancerous cells

A bronchoscope can also be used to collect a sample of the cells

71
Q

How is Lung Cancer treated?

A
  • Surgery - If detected early, an operation is carried out where the tumour or part of the lung are removed
  • Transplant - cancerous cells are replaced with those from a healthy donor
  • Radiotherapy - radiation waves shrink the tumour
  • Chemotherapy - patients are injected with drugs to shrink the tumour before surgery
72
Q

How can Lung Cancer be prevented?

A
  • 2007 - banned smoking in all public places, this was extended to cars carrying children in 2015
  • Raised legal age for buying tobacco from 16 to 18 in 2007
  • Banned tobacco advertising in 1965 and banned cigarette advertisement entirely in 2005
  • Remove cigarette products from shop displays in 2012
  • Increased taxation on tobacco products
  • Introduced stop smoking campaigns

History (8 decks)

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