Paper 1 Development Dynamics Flashcards
Barrier to development in Malawi
Landlocked
Rural isolation
Changing Cliamge
Increased Pollution
Barrier to development in Malawi
Landlocked
Trading by boat is the cheapest method
No coastline to export or import goods
Uses an 800km slow single track railway to trade overseas
Single gauge which limits the speed and weight of each train which increases the cost of imports and exports
Barrier to development in Malawi
Rural isolation
85% of Malawis population us rural (highest percentage in the world)
Poor quality roads that can flood easily and cut off farmers from local markets
225000 telephone landlines (1 per 77 people)
700000 internet users (1 per 22 people)
Mobile phone ownership increased from 1 million in 2007 to 4.4 in 2012 but rural coverage is poor
Barrier to development in Malawi
Changing Climate
Climate change will affect Africa more than any other continent
Water shortages as temperature rise
Food shortages caused by variable rainfall and increased drought
Rainfall has decreased, the rainy season has been shorter and crop yields have fallen
In 2012, heavy rains reduced maize harvest by 7% and made 10000 families homeless
Barrier to development in Malawi
Increased pollution
The capitals water supply become contaminated during rainy seasons
Squatter settlements have grown rapidly with no sanitation or waste management
Dust, industrial smoke and car exhaust fumes have reduced air quality
Traffic congestion has increased carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide pollution
Barrier to development in Malawi
Exports
The value of exports($1.3 billion) is less than the value of imports ($2.5 billion)
Malawi exports mainly raw materials to developed countries and bought manufactured goods that are made in developed countries
Barrier to development in Malawi
Colonisation and exploitation
The British coloniesed Malawi and developed plantations to grow cash crops like coffee and tea for export. These plantations still remain in British ownership, some by large TNCs
Farming employs 80% of the population but many are payed very low wages
UK supermarkets sell tea for 800 times the price paid to farmers
The profits go to companies in developed countries - this is Neo colonialism
Barrier to development in Malawi
Tariffs and Trade
Tariffs are a tax added on to the price of goods to make them more expensive
The EU, USA, and UK charge 7.5% tariffs on roasted coffee beans but nothing in raw so beans are roasted in developed countries and Malawi can’t earn more for them on the global market
Rostow’s Theory
1 Traditional society - Subsistence agricultural economy
2 Pre conditions for take off - Farming to manufacturing and increase trade so more investment
3 Take off - Investment and technology create new manufacturing industries
4 Drive to maturity - Industries produce consumer goods and wide use of technology
5 Age of high mass consumption - Consumers enjoy a wide range of goods high amount of wealth
Franks Dependency Theory
2 types of global regions, core (HICs) and periphery (LICs)
Low value raw materials are traded from the periphery to the core
The core processes these into manufactured higher value products to become wealthy
Frank believed that historic trade had made countries poorer and that poorer countries are weaker members of a global economy
The Clark-Fisher Model
Pre industrial - where employment is dominated by primary sector (farming, fishing, mining and forestry)
Industrial - dominated by secondary (manufacturing) as economies develop and income rises demand for manufactured goods increases
Post industrial- dominated by tertiary (services) as manufacturing jobs are outsourced. Also a growth in highly qualified quaternary (IT, AI) sector
Development Indicators
GDP - The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
Poverty line - The minimum income required to meet a person basic needs ($1.25 per day per person)
Measures of inequality - Percentage of GDP owned by wealthiest and poorest 10%
Access to safe drinking water - percentage of population within 1km of piped water supply
Literacy Rate - percentage of population over age 15 who can read and write
Corruption perception index - measures how money will be spent by the government
Population
As countries develop birth and death rate, fertility rates, infant and maternal mortality rates all falls
Life expectancy, years of schooling and literacy rates all increase
Measured by population pyramid
Apex widens, middle widens and base gets thinner as people live longer and less babies are born
Globalisation
Countries become increasingly connected to each other through:
economic interdependence and increasing trade
Increasing spread of technology
International flows of investment into other countries
Outsourcing of jobs to countries with lower wages
India Social Significance
Worlds second largest population, 1.25 billion
Worlds 4th and 5th largest cities - Mumbai (16million) and Kolkata (15 million)
Worlds worst urban slums, housing 40 million, a quarter of its urban population
