Paper 1 Challenges of an Urbanising World Flashcards
Urbanisation
a rise in the percentage of people living in urban areas, compared to rural areas
urban population in Asia is expected to grow to 64 by 2050
urban population in Africa will grow to 58% in 2050
Mega cities
A mega city has a population of over 10 million
In 1980, most were in developed countries e.g. New York, Tokyo, Paris, London
In 2015, only 25% were in developed countries and the rest are in developing countries e.g. Mumbai, Shanghai
World cities
Cities with urban primacy (an importance and influence bigger than their size suggest) e.g, New York (8.5 million) and London (8.9 million)
London receives the highest number of airline passengers (120 million)
Half the worlds money comes through London each year
Urban process and change - Kampala
Urban process and change - Kampala Capital of Uganda with a population of 1.8million
Growth driven mainly by internal rural urban migration
Jobs in growing business - newly opened steelworks owned by a TNC employs 2000 people
Better services - heath and education
better life chance with lire opportunities
jobs in construction
Urban process and change - New York
New York’s population has continued to increase unlike other cities in high income countries
348000 net growth from overseas migration
280000 from natural increase (births minus deaths)
Knowledge economy needs well qualified people,with university degrees and specialised training meaning it has to import experts
Also needs unskilled migrants
37% of migrants foreign born
Urban process and change - Detroit
By 1950, population was 1.85 million and there were thousands of jobs in the worlds largest vehicle company, General Motors
Suburbanisation of its wealthier population reduced taxes causing Detroit to go bankrupt in 2013
General Motors sales halved between 2000-2010 so it invested in automation which reduced the employees and it buys parts from overseas, harming local supply companies leading to deindustrialisation
15% unemployment
25% reduction in population
62000 homes sold because of debt, houses auctioned for $1
Informal Economy
An unofficial economy where no records are kept and people have no contracts or employment rights
Pro - No taxes, work when you want to, no records kept
Con - Poor conditions, discrimination and no government benefits or protections
Formal Economy
Official economy meeting legal standards for accounts, taxes, and workers pay and conditions
Pro - Employee rights, insurance, legal standard for pay
Con - expensive for companies, follow rules, contracts
Differing urban economies - Kampala
Informal economy employs 80% of population (mostly women and young people who are poor), makes up half of GDP in Uganda and is worth $33 billion a year
Formal economy is mainly services e.g. shops, banks, offices and government offices as manufacturing employs only 5% of Uganda’s population
Differing urban economies - New Delhi
Informal economy employs 75% of population of New Delhi, makes up 50% of India’s GDP and is worth $3.6 trillion
Manufacturing is 20% of GDP but is considered informal economy with not regulations about minimum wages, benefits or working conditions
Differing urban economies - New York
Informal economy earns 7% of US GDP and is worth $1 trillion and consists of migrants and self employed workers who don’t declare income. Migrants are exploited and have not protections
Manufacturing is small with 10% employment, mainly cheap migrants labour
Knowledge economy provides 10% of New York’s employment
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New York - Suburbanisation
Rail and subway systems in 1900s allowed people in suburbs to travel to New York in 40 minutes
Road bridges built in 1930s allowed for the increasing number of people in cars to cross the Hudson and East rivers into Manhattan
People wanted to have bigger houses and better quality services while still Earning lots in New York
New York - Counter-urbanisation and white flight
New York lost 12% of its population between 1950 and 1980 as people left cities
The people who left were second generation white migrants who were wealthy enough to move
Left behind poorer migrant and black communities
Caused increase in crime which made many feel unsafe
Wealth leaving caused reduce in income for city
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