Paper 1 Flashcards

Question 1

Q

Examples of Bullying?

Answer

A

Physical Assault
Cyber-Bullying
Verbal abuse or agression

Question 2

Q

Christian Reasons to support Anti-Bullying?

Answer

A

-“Turn the Other Cheek” Hebrew 10:30

Agape Love

“Love your neighbour as you love yourself” Exodus 20

Absolute Pacifism

God is benevolent as well as Jesus

Stewardship we have the responsibility (Imago Dei)

Sancity of Life

Question 3

Q

Identify two sins that are not crimes?

Answer

A

Divorce, Abortion, Bhlasphemy

Question 4

Q

Identify two crimes that aren’t sins?

Answer

A

Adultery, ANy crime with good intention

Question 5

Q

Examples of Punishment?

Answer

A

prison

Electronic Tagging

Fines

Community Service

Capital Punishment

Question 6

Q

Reasons for Crime and Sin?

Answer

A

Poverty

Politics

Racism

Drugs

Uprbinging

Low Self Esteem

Question 7

Q

Why is Punishment important to Christians?

Answer

A

Agape Love Joe Fletcher

Irenenean Theodicy

Just War Theory (Sometimes it’s necessary)

Question 8

Q

Why may Punishment be considered as unfair or bad?

Answer

A

Possibly sending away the innocent –> Destroys the SoL

Matthew 18:21-35
Servant couldn’t “repay the debt” to the king. The servant “begged” and asked be “patient with me”.
However, when a person hadn’t paid the servant back he threw him in “prison”

Got told off by the King “You wicked Servant”

Doesn’t work

the faces are representing the people he has seen

Question 9

Q

Why is Capital Punishment bad?

Answer

A

It’s Murder
Destroys Sancity of Life as well as Imago Dei

You could kill an innocent person

Forgiveness is more important (Matthew 18:21-35)

Jesus reformed sinners (when he caught a woman in adultery John 8:1-11)

“take life for life” Exodus 21:23-24

Question 10

Q

Why is Capital Punishment good?

Answer

A

Most Loving thing to do (Stopping a Murderer)

People less likely to do murder

Many more people are murdered than put to death (Sacrifice a few prisoners)

The Bible sets down the death penalty for some crimes, so it must be acceptable to God.

“take life for life” Exodus 21:23-24

Question 11

Q

Three Views on life after Death?

Answer

A

Heaven and Hell only, Heaven, Hell and Purgatory, Heaven and Ourgatory

Question 12

Q

What does Genesis 1:26 say about Imago Dei?

Answer

A

St Ireneaus’ view of Imago Dei (Rationality)

“Let us make Mankind in our likeness”

Question 13

Q

What does Genesis 5: 1-3 say about Imago Dei?

Answer

A

Karl Barth Relational View of Imago Dei

“When God create mankind, he made them in the likeness of God”

Question 14

Q

What does Genesis 9:5-6 say about Imago Dei?

Answer

A

“I will surely demand an accounting”

Clines Functional View of Imago Dei

Question 15

Q

What arguments are there for Heaven and Hell only?

Answer

A

“Then they will go away to eternal punishment, but the righteous to eternal life”

Matthew 25:31 -46

Question 16

Q

Non-Religious Beliefs to the Meaning of Life?

Answer

A

Humanism

No immense value

Question 17

Q

Non Religious Beliefs to the Purpose of Life?

Answer

A

To find the meaning of life

Reproduce

Pursuit the K. of life

To develop the better human

Preservation of nature

Question 18

Q

Meaning of Life to Chrisitans?

Answer

A

Life is a place to spiritually develop

Created by God –> He is omnibenevolent

Place to be judged

Question 19

Q

Purpose of Life to Christians?

Answer

A

Salvation - To be saved through Christian belief

To become more God Like (Imago Dei)

Irenean Theodicy

Heaven and HELL

Question 20

Q

Why might Euthansia be banned everywhere?

Answer

A

Sancity of Life due to Imago Dei

Genesis 1:26

Humans aren’t fit enough to make decisions (Genesis 3)

Temptation of Euthanasia is a test (Irenean Theodicy)

God doesn’t permit it

Question 21

Q

What criticisms may a person face if they believe Euthanasia should be banned everywhere?

Answer

A

Aquinas’ theory of Double Effect (Doing a bad thing for good intentions is fine)

Not all tests are fair (Some people have harder tests)

Question 22

Q

Why might certain types of Euthanasia be allowed?

Answer

A

Rational Decision should be held over Sancity of Life

Agape Love

Because humans are in God’s Likeness (Imago Dei)

Supported by Augustine

Question 23

Q

Why might certain types of Euthanasia be allowed?

Answer

A

Rational Decision should be held over Sancity of Life

Because humans are in God’s Likeness (Imago Dei)

Supported by Augustine’s view of consicene

Do the most loving thing

Question 24

Q

Criticisms of allowing certain types of Euthanasia are allowed?

Answer

A

What is the most loving thing to do in Euthanasia

How do we determine who to take into account

Humans aren’t fit to make Decisions

Question 25

Q

Why should Euthansia be allowed?

Answer

A

Quality of Life matters (Peter Singer)

Femenist approach Agape Love

Humans have the authority to do it as well because of Imago Dei

BUT it would have to be a person who doesn’t have a relationship with the patient because they may let their own bias infect their decision making

Question 26

Q

Positives of Divorce?

Answer

A

Quality of Life (Peter Singer)

Agape Love (Joe Fletcher)

Helps you get closer to God (the person may have a bad influence on you)

Question 27

Q

Negatives of Divorce?

Answer

A

Against God’s Wishes
1 Corinthians 7:10-11 “ To the married I give this command: A wife must not separate from her husband”

Emotional Impact on Children (Least loving thing to do)

Economic Impact on the Family

Question 28

Q

Examples of Selfishness?

Answer

A

Gluttony, not donating, stockpiling

Question 29

Q

Examples of Greed?

Answer

A

Taking more food than you need

Taking more money to buy goods without notifying your parents although they may not want to

A person who refuses to pay his income taxes that he is required by law to pay because he wants to keep more of the money he earned for himself, despite the cost to society as a whole

Question 30

Q

Two views on Evil?

Answer

A

Augustine:
Sin = Not a thing in and of itself, but a ‘privation boni’ (a removal of good). 
The Fall (the original sin) has led to akrasia. Akrasia means that humans are naturally greedy and violent. We are self-destructive unless controlled by powerful political structures.

Aquinas:
Sin = Any act/thought through which you are turning away from God.
The Fall impacted on human nature, but not the extent that akrasia existed – i.e. our rational souls were not overwhelmed by physical desires.
We have been given the gift of ratio by God – the ability to reason.
We have a fundamental grasp of right and wrong – an innate awareness (synderesis).
This means we have the ability to use reason to discover right and wrong – the natural law.
However, we cannot be responsible for all actions.
• Vincible Ignorance – The lack of understanding someone has that could be corrected through careful thought and action.
• Invincible Ignorance – The lack of understanding someone is entirely incapable of removing or which would require significant effort.

Question 31

Q

Augustine’s view on free will?

Answer

A

Augustine: Predestination

• Man has free will, which is necessary for God’s judgement of each individual.• Free will is a gift from God – given at Creation to Adam and Evil.
.Free will’s use leads to goodness and badness in the world.

• God is omniscient, therefore he has foreknowledge of all things before they happen.

• Freedom is still possible with God’s foreknowledge – God knows in advance what you will (will = a term meaning to choose to do) freely. Important – God does not
have knowledge of specific
actions, but only of what I
would like to do in certain
situations.

• Therefore God’s foreknowledge does not
necessitate my action. What leads to sin are the choices of the individual, who is
Fallen.

Question 32

Q

Calvin’s view on free will?

Answer

A

Man does not have free will
• Instead all actions are
predestined.
• He argued that since the Fall
people are inherently sinful
and nobody can be good
enough to earn their way
into heaven.
• Salvation must be gift from a
benevolent God – however it
cannot be one that is earned
since it is impossible for man
to achieve. It cannot be
based on your
actions/intentions in life.
• God chooses who to give the
gift of salvation to – the
Elect.
• Good must therefore also choose those who He will
not give the gift of Salvation
to. They will go to Hell.
• This leads to Double
Predestination – there are
those chosen for heaven and
those chosen for hell.

Question 33

Q

How may God’s characterisitcs and the Sermont on the Mount be used to support Augustine’s free will argument?

Answer

A

God’s Benevolence: This is the reason why God gave
us free will (as a gift)
God will forgive you if you use
free will in a bad way

God’s Omnipotence: God is omnipotent enough to
give humans the gift of free will

God's Justice: God doesn’t interfere with our
actions meaning that when God
judges us, he judges us based
on our own self. This gives
humans justice

Sermon on the Mount: We have free will as this is a test and Jesus is telling us what we need to do

Question 34

Q

How could God’s Characteristics and the Sermon on the Mount could be used to criticise Augustine’s view on free will?

Answer

A

If God loved us because he is all loving, surely he
would stop us from doing bad

If god was just and he gave us free and free will can lead to badness, why did he give us free will?

God may not be the only being with power because humans also have power through their own choice of action. God may control humans actions which means that humans don’t have free will in the first place

Question 35

Q

How might God’s Characteristics and the Sermon on the Mount be used to support Calvinism?

Answer

A

God’s Benevolence: If all are saved then there
is no difference between the believers of God and
the disbelievers of God

God’s justice: God is just as we are based
upon our faith

God’s Omnipotence: God is the only being that is all powerful meaning that he is the only person to be saved or damned If God did give us free will then it means humans are powerful enough to make their own decisions meaning that God is not
the only all powerful figure

The Sermon on the Mount: We shouldn’t think too
much as we may come up
with our own mistaken
conclusion

Question 36

Q

How might God’s Characteristics and the Sermon on the Mount be used to suggest that Calvinism is wrong?

Answer

A

God’s Benevolence: God is supposed to be omnibenvolent so why does he not save everyone

God’s Justice: If God was just he would save us based on our own free action

God’s Omnipotence: Is God not powerful enough
to let everybody to go to heaven?

Sermon on the Mount: Why are we told how to act
when God has already
chosen our future

Question 37

Q

How does Altruism Criticise Augustine’s view on evil?

Answer

A

It displays that humans are able to help one another meaning that we still have some good in us and are not all greedy (undermines akrasia)
C.c. We could argue that the people who are using altruism are the people who are establishing a connection with God therefore gaining Grace and becoming better people

Question 38

Q

How does Altruism Support Augustine’s view on evil?

Answer

A

Some humans have are altruist and some aren’t (this doesn’t mean that all humans don’t have a fallen nature)

We may still have fallen nature however that doesn’t mean that we don’t have any good nature at all (if it is called fallen then it means we would have been good before hand to become fallen) this means that regardless of our human nature we can still do good.
Evidence : From Genesis 3 we learn that humans are able to understand God’s orders

Question 39

Q

How does Altruism Criticise Aquinas’ view on evil?

Answer

A

Criticism: If humans have ratio which allows them to do good things and all humans have it, then why do some humans use altruistic behaviour more than others or seem to have it more than others.

Question 40

Q

How does Altruism Criticise Aquinas’ view on evil?

Answer

A

Criticism: If humans have ratio which allows them to do good things and all humans have it, then why do some humans use altruistic behaviour more than others or seem to have it more than others.

(Phsycopaths have less altruisim due to the lack of sensitivity of amygladas.)

Question 41

Q

Genesis present a clear truth towards the purpose of Life?

Answer

A

Purpose of Human beings is clear from the stories from the Genesis creation because the Bible is all true and all of it can and should be taken literally.
Genesis 1 states ‘Let us make Mankind in our likeness’ verse 26, then we must be relational to God. (Young Earth Creationist View.)
(argued by Barth as well.)

According to Barth man is created in the image of God (Imago Dei). This means that man is capable of having a relationship with not only God but also other human beings. Therefore Barth argued that God created man for fellowship with himself and other human beings. According to this ideology, we would have the same responsibility as God which is stewardship

Question 42

Q

Problems with thinking that Genesis is clear?

Answer

A

‘’Let us make Mankind in our likeness’’ also suggests that because God is omnipotent meaning we have dominion over all creatures which contradicts with stewardship therefore we must interpret the Genesis creation differently

. Although this seems like a suitable answer, if we had two purposes then the purpose of Human beings is not clear regardless if we choose on or the other as the problem of which purpose to choose arises which makes Genesis unclear

Also if we were to choose an easier option of purpose then we would be undergoing Cheap Grace meaning that we must choose the purpose that is harder and that acknowledges more hardship

Fideism by Kierekegaard suggests that belief in God is all that matters and that when we try to reason with God we only get halfway to an answer so we have to take a leap of faith by believing and then we will find the answer.

Question 43

Q

Problems with thinking that Genesis is clear?

Answer

A

‘’Let us make Mankind in our likeness’’ also suggests that because God is omnipotent meaning we have dominion over all creatures which contradicts with stewardship therefore we must interpret the Genesis creation differently

. Although this seems like a suitable answer, if we had two purposes then the purpose of Human beings is not clear regardless if we choose on or the other as the problem of which purpose to choose arises which makes Genesis unclear

Also if we were to choose an easier option of purpose then we would be undergoing Cheap Grace meaning that we must choose the purpose that is harder and that acknowledges more hardship
Genesis can be deemed as illogical meaning that it is beyond human understanding. This means that humans will not believe in Genesis because they don’t have the understanding behind the purpose and because God is omniscient enough to know that we don’t understand Genesis logically and he also knows that we are creatures that typically use logical and Rationality he would have made Genesis illogical for a reason as he is omnipotent enough to change

the underlying problem with Genesis is that when we interpret Genesis, we begin to question the Omniscient trait of God. This is due to the fact that God created humans for fellowship, however he was betrayed by humans in Genesis 3 (The fall) which meant that he ‘cursed humans above all livestock’. If God were omniscient, then he would have known that Adam and Eve were going to betray him.

Question 44

Q

Why is Genesis not clear?

Answer

A

Bible is illogical and is not historically accurate and has been corrupted by humans.

However, the importance of Genesis remains as it presents us with a worldview from ancient times compared to modern scientific understanding. This can be backed up by Rudolf Bultmann and Demythologisation. Bultmann would argue that through the understanding of the Bible we can work and evaluate to make our own truths.

For example God may not have created ‘light’, ’darkness’ and ‘heavens and earth’ in seven days, but Genesis may be pursuing to emphasise the omnipotence of God. This means that if we use demythologisation, we can argue that the purpose of humans is to become better and develop as humans (Rational) as we cannot take Genesis to be literally true but we can underline the deeper meaning of the fall (Genesis chapter 3) which indicates that humans have now become self consciousness and developed as immoral humans

Question 45

Q

Problems with thinking that Genesis is unclear?

Answer

A

that Demythologisation presents us with Cheap Grace which is going through the notions without going through the acknowledgement of hardship or persecution because we may be able to take someone elses deeper purpose that they found themselves and try to apply it into our lives.

Same problem still continues

Question 46

Q

Goods things about thinking that Genesis is unclear?

Answer

A

It solves the underlying problem of contradictions between the purpose of humans as demythologisation tells us that humans have some qualities of God but need to fully develop to be like God

Demythologisation allows us to develop Costly Grace.Costly Grace is the idea of recognition of persecution and hardship. This is because the time taken to carefully examine Genesis 1,2 and 3 displays to God that we who undertake demythologisation are faithful as said by Boenhoffer “Costly Grace is the treasure hidden in the field”

people who cheat will go to hell

Question 47

Q

Why may people believe Genesis is unclear because the historicity of the Bible is unclear?

Answer

A

The Bible can not be presented as clear because it contains deeper meanings that must be found within the text. This is because the Bible is not historically accurate and has been corrupted by humans. This means that Genesis presents us with a worldview from a long time ago, an understanding of the world from a different age. We need to understand this perspective and then see what they might have meant by the Genesis accounts. Therefore, if we use this logic when can interpret Genesis from a strictly functional perspective in which the image of God in man is the visible corporeal representative in exercise of his dominion. This is backed up by Clines who argued that ‘’This function is to represent God’s lordship to the lowers of creation.’’ This means the dominion of man over creation can hardly be excluded. This means that the Bible is not clear because we still have to take the deeper meaning in order to try and understand another view of how the universe began

Question 48

Q

Good things about thinking that the Bible is unclear because of the historicity of it?

Answer

A

fixes the problem behind the historicity of Genesis as Genesis may be deemed as illogical because we are supposed to take the deeper meaning behind Genesis instead which may present us with a better truth, but also it doesn’t deny the origins of Genesis or the omnipotence of God because Clines is not denying Genesis literally but rather takes another standpoint from it.

Furthermore, it requires Costly Grace because we are supposed to look for the deeper meaning and then act upon them instead of going through the notions which God can recognise and give grace to us.

Finally it also fixes the problem regarding the nature of God because we are the representatives of God meaning that we share attributes wit God and our bad deeds can be excused due to the status we hold which is dominion which means that God is also excused from the bad deeds we may do on Earth. He is also omniscient enough to know they are happening and is all powerful enough to stop it but chooses not to due to Dominion. He is also Omnibenevolent due to him giving us his attributes and giving us his Dominion to exercise

Question 49

Q

Swineburn’s argument?

Answer

A

God didn’t make the best possible world is because it is not logically possible.
Anything he could make it be better. Therefore, there is no best possible world.

Question 50

Q

If the notion of God is incoherent, why would that lead to atheism?

Answer

A

If there is no perfect world and God is perfect, how does God even exist?

However, Perfection is based on God’s goodness. Not the effect of God’s creation

Question 51

Q

What problems are put to people who argue Swineburn’s argument?

Answer

A

If there is no perfect world and God is perfect, how does God even exist?
It is not logical

Question 52

Q

How can People help other people in poverty?

Answer

A

Give someone in poverty money, Buy someone in poverty food, Take someone in poverty to a homeless shelter

Question 53

Q

Can and should religion be supported by evidence?

Answer

A

Religion can’t be supported with evidence because the evidence that
is shown may be deemed as illogical or invalid. For example, religious
experiences may be a suitable piece of evidence towards the existence
however other people may argue that there is a scientific explanation
for the experience or that it could be natural science but because we
believe in God we think that it is to do with God. Therefore because
our evidence is invalid we can’t say there is a God. Also, we will never
know truly if God exists or not because if we knew lots of people
would change themselves to become righteous. Therefore God will
always be truly unknowable so there is no point in finding evidence.
However, we could say that we should have faith which shouldn’t
require any evidence. That is the only way to find God. This is backed
up by Kierkegaard whos aid that when we use faith and reason we only
get halfway to God and in order to reach God we must take a ‘’leap of
faith’’.

Question 54

Q

Can and should religion be supported by evidence?

Answer

A

Religion can’t be supported with evidence because the evidence that
is shown may be deemed as illogical or invalid. For example, religious
experiences may be a suitable piece of evidence towards the existence
however other people may argue that there is a scientific explanation
for the experience or that it could be natural science but because we
believe in God we think that it is to do with God. Therefore because
our evidence is invalid we can’t say there is a God. Also, we will never
know truly if God exists or not because if we knew lots of people
would change themselves to become righteous. Therefore God will
always be truly unknowable so there is no point in finding evidence.
However, we could say that we should have faith which shouldn’t
require any evidence. That is the only way to find God. This is backed
up by Kierkegaard whos aid that when we use faith and reason we only
get halfway to God and in order to reach God we must take a ‘’leap of
faith’’.

Question 55

Q

Criticisms when someone says that we can find evidence to support religion?

Answer

A

Hick concluded faith is ‘’evidentially ambiguos’’ meaning that there are so many interpretations to the evidence suggested meaning that we wont know which conclusion is right and what it supports. This
means that evidence that may be used for the existence of God may also be used against it. Therefore we can’t conclude evidence for God
to be valid as there are other suitable explanations. Furthermore, since we are imperfect and are naturally greedy (according to Augustine) we can say that when we use reason and logic with evidence we still
wouldn’t be able to prove the existence of God. This is because human attributes such as logic and reason are not capable of proving the existence of God and only gets us halfway there. Therefore the only way to get to God is through faith

Question 56

Q

Three examples of apparent design in the world?

Answer

A

Evolution, A watch, Our Body

Question 57

Q

Two reasons why people are athiests?

Answer

A

Cosmological Argument

Teleological Argument

Question 58

Q

Three types of faith

Answer

A

Different Aproaches to Faith
Propositional Faith- Based upon Evidence and or argument
Non-Propositional Faith- Not based on or reason or argument
Fideism-All knowledge on God depends upon faith

Question 59

Q

Three beliefs to God?

Answer

A

C.S Lewis- Believes there is God and if we reject it doesn’t mean God doesn’t exist Richard Dawkins-Believes God doesn’t exist and is a bully Kierkegaard-Believes that ‘’There are two ways to be fooled one is to believe what isn’t true; the other is to refuse what is true

Question 60

Q

Explain the Teleological Argument?

Answer

A

Premise 1: All natural occurrences show evidence of design through the regularity of causes (modern – regularity through which they follow the laws of nature)
Premise 2: This suggests that there is a being that directs all things
Premise 3: Things that lack knowledge cannot achieve anything unless directed by a thing with knowledge
Conclusion: There is therefore an intelligent being that directs everyone towards a purpose

Question 61

Q

Explain the Cosmological Argument?

Answer

A

Premise 1: Every effect has a cause, which is the effect of another cause.
Premise 2: Nothing is caused by itself.
Premise 3: The chain of cause and effect cannot go on forever.
Premise 4: There must be a First Cause – the start of everything.
Conclusion: This First Cause must be God

Question 62

Q

David Hume’s Criticism of the Teleological Argument?

Answer

A

Just because there is a designer doesn’t answer that it is God.
Evolution could be a suitable explanation for the specific design
Why is this world not perfect if it is perfectly designed
How do we know if the world is complex when we got nothing else to compare it to. (Niebuhr)

Question 63

Q

A counter Criticism to David Hume’s Criticism on Teleological Argument?

Answer

A

What if this is the best possible world (3RD Point) Liebniz
Science is inductive (2nd Point)
What other designer could be omnipotent enough to create us or be omnibenevolent enough to create us or be omniscient enough to know what would happen when or if he triggered the first cause.

Question 64

Q

How might Hume counter the counter criticism of the Telelogical Argument?

Answer

A

If this is the best possible word then God could be considered as not Omnipotent enough to change the imperfections but still Omnibenvolent and Omniscient and vice versa. Inconsistent Triad

Answer 65

A

Just because we can observe cause and effect in the universe does not mean that this rule applies to the universe itself

Answer 66

A

It only makes sense to seek a full explanation rather than cutting any cause off

Answer 67

A

Humans shouldn’t try to search for answers when there aren’t any more out there. They can only do this when they stop using logic

Answer 68

A

“God is a word to express, not our ideas, but the lack thereof”

God is considered as a physcological crutch meaning that because we are evil we believe that someone can guide us out of it. Since there is a lack of God there is a lack of good. This means that humans could be considered as evil meaning and because there is no one to punish us we can say that the world lacks intelligent design as there is no one to implicate intelligent design and we can’t do it as we are evil.

Answer 69

A

We are assuming that humans are inherently evil. A lot of that belief comes from God and Genesis and since we believe there is no God why should we consider that.

Answer 70

A

If there is no God we can say that humans are capable of doing anything they like in the laws of nature. This means that humans are still capable of wrongdoing and evil which is inside the laws of nature

Answer 71

A

It is illogical to believe that God is not real
because what are the chances that the world is so
unique and complex that it doesn’t have a creator
and also if it were slightly different the world
wouldn’t exist. Occams Razor

What if this is the best possible world. This is
because with every good there is a bad. If no one
died then everyone would be happy to see their
family or friends however there is a problem of
Overpopulation. C.c (Backed up by liebniz)

Uses natural theology and posteiroi knowledge

Answer 72

A

Evolution is a far more likely and suitable
explanation. And the world was created by the Big
Bang in the first place. Occams Razor
The world cannot follow the Watch analogy as
the world is constantly changing

Idea of designer is flawed. This is because the
world is not perfect and if he created it so
complexly it should be perfect. (Feuerbach). What
if God is a physcological crutch.
What if God created multiple worlds and this
variant of this world just managed to survive
because it worked. This would mean that God is
not perfect and in fact this world is not so
perfectly designed

Answer 73

A

Evolution is a far more likely and suitable
explanation. And the world was created by the Big
Bang in the first place. Occams Razor
The world cannot follow the Watch analogy as
the world is constantly changing

Idea of designer is flawed. This is because the
world is not perfect and if he created it so
complexly it should be perfect. (Feuerbach). What
if God is a physcological crutch.

What if God created multiple worlds and this
variant of this world just managed to survive
because it worked. This would mean that God is
not perfect and in fact this world is not so
perfectly designed

Answer 74

A

We can argue that the world has influenced people to be culturally conditioned by Christianity meaning that Christianity may not necessarily be true because it doesn’t prove to us that Christainity is right

We could argue that the fact we are becoming culturally conditioned is a good thing and that we are being saved because it is the true religion and very persuasive.

We can argue that we were conditioned but as human civilization began and we developed we stopped believing as much.

Answer 75

A

: Just because the universe looks designed doesn’t mean it is
designed (The universe is ‘unknowable’)
Reason 2: The Teleological argument suggests that we have a designer
but it doesn’t mean that the designer is God
Reason 3: Unlike a Watch the universe keeps changing therefore we can’t
use the watch analogy (Evolution Charles Darwin)
Reason 4: If the Universe was designed so complexly and therefore
perfectly why is there still evil in the world. (David Hume)
Reason 5: Even if there is an uncaused cause it doesn’t point towards God
It could have been a scientific event.
Reason 6: Just because parts of the universe are caused doesn’t mean
that the whole universe itself has been caused.
Reason 7: Where did God come from? (How is the First cause caused)
therefore illogical
Reason 8: We can’t assume everyting in the universe has a cause
Reason 9: If God caused everything and he is perfect, surely he would
have created a good world however the since we are a part of the chain
of causes and we are inherently evil according to Augustine, God either
let bad in the world meaning he is not benevolent or he wasn’t omniscient enough to know what would happen
Reason 10: It is subjective we are only looking at one piece of evidence a
watch, surely other things in the universe will tell us different things.

Answer 76

A

One reason why people are atheists is because the idea of God is illogical whereas science gives us a better suited and logical explanation to how the
universe began. For example, the idea of a God that is all knowing and all powerful managing to make the universe in 7 days is less rational compared
to the Big Bang Theory. Therefore, people are athiests because the idea of God from scriptures is illogicall

Another reason why people are athiests is because of a A more capitalist economy with increased advertising. People may believe that they are free to do whatever they enjoy and because that may not revolve around God people will forget God. Therefore as a result people don’t believe in God

Answer 77

A

Christianity makes the culture. The culture has been formed by Christian beliefs being put into practice. Therefore, it is not brainwashing but Christians rather expressing their faith. ‘’Relying on God has to start all over everyday, as if nothing has yet been done’’ CS Lewis.

Answer 78

A

Cheap Grace (you aren’t learning or taking the hardship to find God you are just given it) Matthew 7

Answer 79

A

If we don’t listen to our parents or take advice from the world around us we will end up rejecting Christianity Children, obey your parents in everything, for this pleases the Lord. - Colossians 3:20

Answer 80

A

Cheap Grace- Boenhoffer (it shows that instead of taking the easier route you acknowledge and find out your own answer in order to display hardship)

Ratio and the ability to see good and bad is
a gift from God therefore we should use it
(Aquinas’ view of human nature)

Answer 81

A

Using Reason is wrong however as we are
inherently evil and wont get the right message.
(According to Augustine). Also Kierkergaard may
say that faith should be used instead of reason as
we will never find a definite answer using reason
and logic so we have to take a leap of faith

Answer 82

A

Religion is subjective. We must live it ourselves because we might get our own message. (Everyone has their own purpose so we shouldn’t try to fulfil other peoples purposes.

Religious Experiences prove that the path to God is subjective as the religious .Experience is only visible to that person

Answer 83

A

If religion is subjective how do we know
when we are doing right or wrong and why should
we listen to things like the Bible etc: if our own
message is personal.

Answer 84

A

What if there are no purposes but rather we should let it be.

Matthew 5. Predestination
from Calvin suggests that the elect are already
chosen so we should try and live our own lives.

Answer 85

A

Moral Evil = Moral evil is any morally negative event caused by the intentional action or inaction of an agent, such as a person.

Natural Evil = Natural evil, or surd evil, is a term generally used in discussions of the problem of evil and theodicy that refers to states of affairs which, considered in themselves, are those that are part of the natural world.

Answer 86

A

Q1: How can a perfect world go wrong? Isn’t this a logical contradiction?
Q2: Why do we all suffer for Adam’s disobedience?
Q3: Surely evolution makes the whole theodicy nonsense…?
Q4: If the world was created perfect why did God also create Hell at the same
time? It’s like he already knew it was going to go wrong…

Answer 87

A

Q1: The perfect world went wrong because of the original sin caused by Adam and Eve. This means that humanity inherited og sin which brought moral evil and then caused natural evil to exist as well

Q2: How could we be present if we didn’t exist

Q3: We should resort to the Bible instead of finding our own answers because we are fallen and may not find the right answer. So we should stick to the Bible

Q4: We could argue that this is a sign that God already knew that Adam and Eve were going to not be able to resist temptation therefore he made hell as a result of humanity’s evil (punishment)

Answer 88

A

Q1: If God is omniscient then he should have known that Adam and Eve would have disobeyed him. This means that God is not perfect and therefore does not exist or is not Omniscient/Omnibenevolent

Q2: We were all present in the loins of Adam

Q3: If we are inherently fallen then we shouldn’t be able to find answers in the Bible instead as we wouldn’t know how to interpret it

Q4: If god already knew that Adam and Eve were going to do something bad then it means he acknowledges his own flaws in Design proving that God is either not Omnipotent enough to make a perfect world, not Omnibenvolent enough to make a nice world because Evil exists. Therefore God either doesn’t exist or is not omnipotent or benevolent

Answer 89

A

Evolution also revolves around people changing.

It allows God to remain as omnipotent and omnibenevolent. It also supports the nature of God and the existence of Evil

According to Aquinas humans aren’t all bad because they have the ability to reason. Therefore humans shouldn’t be blamed for all evil

Answer 90

A

How come people who don’t do bad suffer

How come people who do the same bad deed yet one person gets punished worse.

Suffering leads some people to lose faith which does not teach a lesson in soul-making

Why did God not make humans morally perfect.
Is God not perfect enough to make a Good World. Inconsistent Triad

Would a loving God use evil. Is he not Omnibenevolent.
Couldn’t God teach humans with less pain

Answer 91

A

We can accept evil as we don’t know the reasoning behind it because God is unknowable.

We shouldn’t try to prove the existence of God as we will never understand

The existence of Evil is beyond human reasoning

Answer 92

A

If God knew that we wouldn’t be able to maintain faith because we typically use logic, then why did he give us logic and reasoning as attributes.

How will people know what is good and what is bad if they don’t know what is truly evil? (we don’t know evil as it is too complicated for humans to use reason with)

Answer 93

A

People will only go to fight to go to heaven. Not based on correct intention.

When Jesus says turn the other cheek and you follow God’s command by fighting. You are disobeying Jesus.

God himself is no longer giving commands and they are fallen from the fall Genesis 3. The Catholic Church has the ability to wage war

Do not fight evil with evil. Just because evil is committed doesn’t justify killing innocent people

Costly Grace- It is harder to cross the continent of Europe and retake the holy land then peace. We should strive for the harder option.

Answer 94

A

Absolute Pacifism Para 1
Warfare is Wrong shown by Absolute Pacifism
one who believes that human life is so valuable, that a human should never be killed and war should never be conducted, even in self-defense
Jesus (From his teachings), Sancity of Life Matthew 5:9

Warfare is Wrong because Jesus holds a higher theological standpoint so we should listen to Jesus

Answer 95

A

Jesus did not always use peaceful teachings

God has also instructed us in the Bible to go to war and fight for his cause. Therefore since both bits in the Bible contradict each other we can’t take an Absolute Pacifism standpoint. Genesis 9:6

Answer 96

A

Jesus is still God (As shown from miracles) and could do God like things so there is no justification for him doing wrong

Maybe we can demythologise those parts of the Bible that support Holy War theory and give them different meaning. Genesis 9:6 means we shouldn’t kill because other people will take revenge.

Answer 97

A

Ireneanen theodicy –> links with the rational view of
Imago Dei –> This means that humans need to improve and develop in order to become God-like.

Humans have caused it because they became
morally corrupt. (Moral Evill) –> links with Aquinas’ view on evil –> We have the ability to use reason to
discover right and wrong – the natural law. However, we cannot be responsible for all actions. –> life is a test because humans have both right and wrong but God wants to
judge what humans do because they have both right and wrong.

Answer 98

A

Heaven and Hell only –> Protestants.

In Matthew 25:21-46, it states “Then
they will go away to eternal punishment, but the righteous to eternal life”. –> there are only two paths one can take and both of them have been “prepared” for humans.

God has authority over the Bible (“Word of God”). Link it with the Ireneanen Theodicy

AND

Heaven and Purgatory

(Hick argued from a universalist position) that the only view of eschatology was
coherent with Christian doctrine was that all people were saved eventually and hell must not exist.

This is Because he must be omnibenevolent
Solves the Inconsistent Triad

Answer 99

A

It is our responsibility. –> Genesis 1: 26 we are made in the “likeness” of God (Clines Functional View of Imago Dei)

Links with Feminist approach towards agape love

AND

it’s a test to see whether we do
care for the environment because it affects whether we achieve salvation or not. (Ireneanean Theodicy).

–> Evil is necessary

links with the rational view of Imago Dei because humans are made in the “likeness” of
God in Genesis 1:26.

Answer 100

A

It is not in a humans place to take a life.

Jesus“If anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to them the other cheek also” Matthew 5:38-39.

Feminist Hermeuntical Agape Love (Loving unconditionally to everyone) then we could argue that the most loving thing to do is to “turn the other cheek” which is forgiving the person and helping them learn from their mistakes without doing any bodily harm as we should treat other people like a mother-child relationship.

AND

the justice system is flawed –>

Aquinas said humans inherently evil after the fall in Genesis 3 . –> Human mistakes are inevitable meaning that Judges could give out sentences to people who are innocent.

Also Rational View Of Imago Dei suggests life is valuable

Answer 101

A

Many terrorists believe that they are doing it for God.
“Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image.” Genesis 9:6.

This Bible contains the “Word of God” and if we apply Holy War Theory here we can argue that this means that if someone is wronged then it is in the mans place to take justice in order to fix the wronged deed that occurred against them

Some people believe that they will be rewarded for it in this life or afterlife. Pope Urban II allowed religious cursades. Also it was believed if you die in a crusade you will go to heaven.

Since Pope is the descendant of Saint Peter and he was one of the disciples of Jesus Christ then we can argue that the Pope holds a higher theological significance as he is God appointed. Therefore we could argue that we must listen to the Pope.

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