Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Blue Book > Paper 1 > Flashcards

Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the units of measurement of radiant intensity

A

watts per steradian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the units of measurement of luminous intensity

A

candelas, i.e. lumens per steradian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In Gullstrand Schematic eye, how far behind the anterior cornea is P1

A

1.35

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In Gullstrand Schematic eye, how far behind the anterior cornea is P2

A

1.60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In Gullstrand Schematic eye, how far behind the anterior cornea is N1

A

7.08

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In Gullstrand Schematic eye, how far behind the anterior cornea is N2

A

7.33

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In Gullstrand Schematic eye, how far behind the anterior cornea is F1

A

-15.7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In Gullstrand Schematic eye, how far behind the anterior cornea is F2

A

24.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In the reduced eye, how far behind the anterior cornea is P

A

1.35

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In the reduced eye, how far behind the anterior cornea is N

A

7.08

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In the reduced eye, how far behind the anterior cornea is F1

A

-15.7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In the reduced eye, how far behind the anterior cornea is F2

A

24.13

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is manifest hypermetropia

A

the strongest convex lens correction accepted for clear distance vision.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is prismatic jump minimised in bifocal lenses

A

if the optical centres of the two lenses lie at or near to the junction of the distance and near portions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 stages of Retinoscopy

A

Illumination stage
Reflex stage
Projection stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What prism is used in the Javal Schiotz keratometer to double the image

A

Wollaston Prism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the properties of a panfundoscope image

A

a real, inverted image of the fundus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What colour light is useful for inspecting the vitreous

A

Blue and green light is scattered more than red light, because red
light is of a longer wavelength. As the visibility of the vitreous
depends on the scattering of the incident light, this makes blue and
green (red-free) filters useful for inspecting the vitreous.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What bones make up the roof of the orbit

A

Orbital plate of frontal bone and lesser wing of sphenoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What bones make up the medial wall of the orbit

A

Frontal process of maxilla, lacrimal bone, orbital plate of ethmoid, and body of sphenoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What bones make up the floor of the orbit

A

Orbital plate of maxilla, orbital surface of zygomatic, and orbital process of palatine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What bones make up the lateral wall of the orbit

A

Zygomatic bone and greater wing of sphenoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which part of the eye is the lamina cribrosa part of

A

the sclera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is the peripheral cornea supplied by oxygen

A

by diffusion from the anterior ciliary blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Which bone is the pituitary gland found in
pituitary fossa is an indentation in the roof of the body of sphenoid
26
What are the anterior and posterior boundaries of the pituitary fossa
anteriorly bound by the tuberculum sellae posteriorly bound by the dorsum sellae.
27
Length of the intraocular segment of the optic nerve
1mm
28
Length of the intraorbital segment of the optic nerve
25mm
29
Length of the intracannalicular segment of the optic nerve
5mm
30
Length of the intracranial segment of the optic nerve
10mm
31
What kind of eye movements are type A muscle fibres useful for
Fast saccadic movements
32
What kind of eye movements are type B muscle fibres useful for
for smooth pursuit
33
Which day is the lens placode identified in embryological development
day 27
34
What is the thickness of the precorneal tear film
3.4 micrometres
35
What is the resting membrane potential of the dark adapted rod cell
-40mV
36
What is Bloch Law
assumes a monotonic increase in perceived contrast with increased duration, as the law states that the intensity of the threshold stimulus is inversely proportional to its duration.
37
What are the 3 stages of an action potential
resting stage, depolarisation stage, repolarisation stage
38
What are the hormones secreted by the Anterior pituitary gland
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinising hormone (LH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Prolactin, Endorphins, Growth hormone (GH)
39
What does the posterior pituitary secrete
ADH Oxytocin
40
Euchromatin packing vs Heterochromatin packing
Euchromatin is less packed than heterochromatin.
41
GAG found in the vitreous
Hyaluronan
42
How is the movement of leucocytes controlled
By chemotaxis
43
Where is scar tissue in the sclera derived from
episcleral fibroblasts
44
Where is scar tissue in the choroid derived from
scleral fibroblasts.
45
What happens to the goblet cells in Sjogren syndrome
a loss of goblet cells in the conjunctival epithelium and squamous metaplasia of the surface epithelium.
46
In Vitelliform dystrophy, where does lipofuscin accumulate
in the retinal pigment epithelium and atrophy of the photoreceptor layer.
47
Primary tumours with choroidal metastases
breast, prostate, lung, gastrointestinal tract.
48
What percentage of total white cells do neutrophils make up
25% representing the blood’s most abundant leucocytes.
49
What are single celled Eukaryotes
Protozoa eg Acanthamoeba
50
Which immune cells does the mononuclear phagocyte system include
Monocytes macrophages dendritic cells
51
Which immune cells does the granulocyte series of cells include
mast cells, basophils, eosinophils.
52
What is Fick's law of diffusion
drugs cross a cell membrane at a rate directly proportional to the concentration gradient across the membrane and the diffusion coefficient, and inversely proportional to the membrane thickness.
53
What is Sherrington's law of reciprocal innervation
a muscle will relax when its opposite muscle contracts.
54
What does Frank Starling law represent
postulates that the force developed in a muscle fibre is dependent on how much the fibre is stretched.
55
What is Poiseuille’s law
the flow of fluid through a tube (e.g. blood vessel) is related to the viscosity of the fluid (blood), the pressure gradient across the tube (vessel), and the length and diameter of the tube (vessel).
56
What is the approximate natural tear volume
7-8 microlitres
57
How does Phenylephrine work
non-selective an α-agonist.
58
How does Apraclonidine work
α2 partial agonist.
59
How does Brimonidine work
selective α2-agonist
60
How does cocaine work
inhibits the uptake of noradrenaline at nerve endings.
61
What is the structure of local anaesthetic
comprise an aromatic residue linked to an amide or basic side chain; the aromatic residue is hydrophobic and the amide group hydrophilic.
62
Why is mitochondrial inheritance exclusively maternal
The acrosome of the sperm is lost during fertilisation,
63
Which mutation is associated with Juvenile X-linked retinoschisis
RS1
64
What kind of eye movements is the Maddox rod used to assess
Phorias
65
Conditions which cause a central scotoma
macular lesions, optic neuritis, optic atrophy, occipital cortex lesions
66
In keratometry what diameter of the cornea is used in measurements
central 3mm
67
Relative contraindications to FFA
Fluorescein allergy, renal impairment, pregnancy
68
Contraindications to ICG
Allergy to iodine or shellfish Pregnancy
69
What percentage is ICG bound to proteins
98%
70
Axial and transverse resolution of Ultrasound
Axial-150 microns Transverse- 450 microns
71
How does a pattern reversal VEP work
using a reversing black-and-white chequerboard (prVEP)
72
How does a pattern offset/onset VEP work
where a chequerboard is abruptly exchanged with a grey background;
73
What does a pattern VEP reflect?
reflects the central macular visual field and macular pathway function
74
Which type of VEP has the most consistent timing and waveform amongst individuals
prVEP (pattern VEP)
75
Which type of VEP varies the most amongst individuals
Flash VEP but it is useful for inter-ocular comparison and for patients with limited cooperation such as young infants
76
What are the features of pattern VEP
a negative deflection at 75 milliseconds (N75) followed by a positive deflection at 100 milliseconds (P100), followed by another negative deflection at 135 milliseconds (N135).
77
What is transoccipital crossed asymmetry in VEP testing
In albinism, trans-occipital crossed asymmetry can occur where the VEP is largest on one hemisphere for the right eye and the other hemisphere for the left eye.
78
What is the definition of the p value
the probability of obtaining the observed data or data that were more extreme due to chance if the null hypothesis (H0) were true.
79
What is the power of a study
Power = 1 − β where β is the probability of a type II error. A power of 80% or greater is generally considered acceptable in study design, although many investigators would aim for higher than this.
80
What does CONSORT stand for
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Randomised Trials. (RCT)
81
What does STROBE stand for
Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology.
82
What does STARD stand for
Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic accuracy studies
83
What does PRISMA stand for
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
84
Quantitative vs Categorical data
Quantitative data are obtained by measurement and can be subclassified as continuous or discrete Data that are not obtained by measurement are termed categorical.
85
Binary vs Ordinal vs Nominal data
If only two possible categories exist (e.g. dead or alive) this is subclassified as binary (or dichotomous). If the data can be placed in order (e.g. A-level grades) they are termed ordinal eg Likert scale If the data cannot be placed in order (e.g. eye colour), they are termed nominal
86
Continuous outcome--> Parametric--> Paired data
Paired t test
87
Continuous outcome--> Parametric--> Unpaired data
Unpaired t test
88
Continuous outcome--> Parametric--> More than 2 groups
ANOVA
89
Continuous outcome--> Non Parametric--> Paired data
Wilcoxon signed rank test
90
Continuous outcome--> Non Parametric--> Unpaired data
Mann Whitney U test
91
Continuous outcome--> Non Parametric--> More than 2 groups data skewed
Kruskal Wallis test
92
Categorical outcome--> Non parametric--> Paired data
McNemar test
93
Categorical outcome--> Non parametric--> Unpaired data
Chi Squared test/Fisher's exact test
94
Correlation-->Parametric--> Linear correlation
Pearson correlation coefficient
95
Correlation--> Non- Parametric--> Rank correlation
Spearman Rank correlation coefficient

Blue Book (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions