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paper 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

describe diffusion

A

the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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2
Q

define osmosis

A

the net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to lower water concentration

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3
Q

how to work out change in mass

A

final mass - initial mass/ initial mass

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4
Q

what happens in prophase

A

chromosomes condense and the membrane breaks down

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5
Q

what happens in telophase

A

membranes form around each new set of chromosomes, forming the nuclei of two new cells

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6
Q

what does mitosis produce

A

two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical

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7
Q

what happens in interphase

A

DNA duplicates so each set of chromosomes are identical

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8
Q

what happens in ana phase

A

spindle fibres pull each chromosome to either side

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9
Q

what happens during cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm and cell nucleus membrane divides

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10
Q

how do plants grow

A

cell division and elongation

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11
Q

how do animals grow

A

they grow while they r young but stop and DIFFERENTIATE throughout their lives

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12
Q

how are tumours formed

A

uncontrollable cell division by a CHANGE IN GENE which produces an abnormal mass of cells

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13
Q

at what point is a tumour classed as cancerous

A

when it invades/damages the surrounding tissue

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14
Q

what’s the function of the cerebrum

A

movement, intelligence, memory, language, vision

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15
Q

what’s the structure of the cerebrum

A

split into two hemispheres (left and right)

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16
Q

what’s the function of the medulla oblongata

A

unconscious activities (HR and breathing)

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17
Q

what’s the function of the cerebellum

A

controls muscle coordination and balance

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18
Q

what’s the difference between PET and CT

A

CT shows structure in a picture, PET shows structure and activity and function irl

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19
Q

easiest way to remember mitosis

A

duplicate, breaks down, lines up, apart, membrane, divides

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20
Q

what’s the order of mitosis

A

(interphase), prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokenisis

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21
Q

what is reaction time

A

time taken to respond to a stimulus

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22
Q

what does the body have lots of and what do they do

A

sensory receptors, detect a change in environment

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23
Q

what’s the order of a stimulus response

A

stimulus, receptors, sensory neurones, cns, motor neurone, effector, response

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24
Q

in the response to a stimulus what goes first motor neurone or sensory neurone

A

sensory neurone THEN motor neurone

25
Q

where does cell elongation take place in plants

A

roots and shoots (meristems)

26
Q

what does the cornea in the eye do

A

refracts light into the eye

27
Q

what does the iris do

A

controls how much light enters the pupil

28
Q

what does the lens do

A

refracts light to focus on the retina

29
Q

what does the retina do

A

it’s light sensitive and detects light (covered in rods and cones)

30
Q

what type of light are rods sensitive to

A

dim lights

31
Q

what are cones more sensitive to

A

different colours

32
Q

what is colourblindness caused by

A

cones in the retina not working properly

33
Q

what can long sighted not do

A

focus on CLOSE objects

34
Q

what can short eyed people not do

A

focus on FAR objects

35
Q

what is different in the eye when someone is long sighted

A

light is focused behind the retina because it doesn’t bend light enough and the eyeball is to short

36
Q

what is different in the structure of the eye when someone is short sighted

A

light focuses infront of the retina because it bends the light too much and the eyeball is too long

37
Q

what lenses are used for long sighted people

A

CONVEX

38
Q

what lenses are used for people with short sighted vision

A

CONCAVE lens

39
Q

what detects VERY bright light

A

light receptors

40
Q

what happens to the iris when light is bright

A

muscles contract and iris goes smaller

41
Q

what is a choromosome

A

long coiled up molecules of dna found in the nucleus

42
Q

what is a gene

A

a section of dna on a chromosome that codes for a particular protein

43
Q

what is a genome

A

all the dna/genetic material of an organism

44
Q

what is mutation

A

a random change to an organisms dna base sequence that can be inherited (genetic variant)

45
Q

what is an allele

A

different versions of a gene (two versions of every gene)

46
Q

what is homozygous

A

two alleles for a particular gene that are the SAME

47
Q

what is heterozygous

A

two alleles for a particular gene that are DIFFERENT

48
Q

what do dominant alleles do

A

overrule the recessive alleles (becomes present in the offspring)

49
Q

how would a gene express a recessive characteristics

A

if both alleles are recessive

50
Q

what is a genotype

A

is a combination of alleles you have

51
Q

what is a phenotype

A

the characteristics you have

52
Q

what is a gamete

A

the male or female reproductive cell that contains half the genetic material of an organism (join together)

53
Q

what is a zygote

A

fertilised egg that is a result from a female gamete and male gamete

54
Q

what’s the role of neuro transmitters

A

transfer nerve signals by chemicals which diffuse across the synapse

55
Q

what do synapses connect

A

two neurones (eg sensory and motor)

56
Q

structure of a sensory neurone

A

one long dendron, one short axon

57
Q

what’s the structure of a motor neurone

A

many short dendrites, one long axon, myelin sheath

58
Q

relay neurone structure

A

many short dendrites and an axon

59
Q

how is a bacteria cell different (prokaryote)

A

no nucleus, ribosomes and flagellum

bio (7 decks)

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