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Endo2 > Pancrease > Flashcards

Pancrease Flashcards

1
Q

Beta cells of the pancreas make up what percent of the cells and what do they secrete?

A

65, insulin

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2
Q

Glucagon stimulus what to produce glucose?

A

Hepatocyte (liver)

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3
Q

In normal individuals what is the normal glucose level between means

A

90gm/dL

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4
Q

PP is decreased by what?

A

Somatostatin and IV glucose

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5
Q

Alpha cells make up what percent of pancreatic cell, and what do they secrete ?

A

20, glucagon

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6
Q

Glucagon is the exact opposite of insulin?

A

No, but it’s close

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7
Q

The levels of C peptide actually reflect what in people with type I diabetes mellitus ?

A

B cell function NOT insulin levels

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8
Q

What promotes the utilization of CHO, fats, amino acids?

A

Glucagon

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9
Q

Pre sympathetic cell bodies in the islets originate where?

A

Intermediolateral horn cells

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10
Q

Pre sympathetic cell bodies synapse with postganlionic fibers where?

A

Paravertebral ganglion and celiac ganglion

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11
Q

Insulin in synthesized by what cells ?

A

Beta cells

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12
Q

Tyrosine kinase activity is on what subunit?

A

Beta

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13
Q

Normal peak blood glucose during oral glucose test is what after 2 hours?

A

180

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14
Q

What cells are found in the central core?

A

Beta (secrete insulin)

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15
Q

For an oral glucose tolerance test an individual takes ___ of glucose and is observed for _______hours

A

100 gms, 4

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16
Q

Insipidus means what?

A

Tasteless

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17
Q

What either activates of inhibit proteins to procure various metabolic actions of insulin>?

A

Phosphorylation

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18
Q

Does preproinsulin or pro insulin have the signal peptide?

A

Preproinsulin

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19
Q

What rapidly activates incretins?

A

DDP-4

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20
Q

What packages up c peptide and insulin in secretory graulues?

A

Golgi apparatus

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21
Q

What does insulin promote?

A

Uptake of k+ uptake into cells also with glucose uptake

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22
Q

Gap junctions connect what 3 things?

A

Alpha to alpha, beta to beta, and alpha to beta

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23
Q

What is the SNS innervation to the pancreas?

A

Adrenergic and peptidergic

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24
Q

What hormone has an independent positive effect on insulin secreting adding to the direct effect of glucose on a B cell?

A

GIP

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25
Q

What does insulin do to blood glucose?

A

Decrease

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26
Q

What functions to modulate or limit the responses of insulin and glucagon to ingestion of food?

A

Somatostatin

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27
Q

Where does insulin metabolism occur?

A

Liver and kidneys

28
Q

Oral glucose is ____than intravenous glucose as a stimulant of insulin due to what?

A

Greater than, incretin effect

29
Q

Pre para fibers come from where to synapse with cholinergic and peptidergic neurons where?

A

Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, pancreatic ganglion

30
Q

Insulin has a direct effects on what center by stimulating what nucleus?

A

Hypothalamic satiety center, ventromedial nucleus

31
Q

When the a ability of nutrients in the body is higher than body demands what ensures that access nutrients are stored?

A

Insulin

32
Q

Insulin decreases what 3 things?

A

Blood glucose concentration, blood fatty acid and ketoacid concentration, blood amino acid concentration.

33
Q

Alpha cells are stimulated directly by what ?

A

Argenine

34
Q

What is the Para symp nervous system innervation to the pancreas>

A

Cholinergic and peptidergic

35
Q

Insulin is the first hormone to have what done?

A

Isolated from animal sources, primary and tertiary structure determined, to be measured by RIA, to be synthesized by a lager hormone (pro hormone)

36
Q

Glucose is transported into B cells via what?

A

GLUT 2

37
Q

Glucagon is synthesized and secreted by what inlet cells>

A

Alpha

38
Q

Activation of pancreatic sympathetic nerve fibers causes stimulation of_____and inhibition of _______

A

Glucagon, insulin

39
Q

What maintains blood glucose in the fasting state?

A

Glucagon

40
Q

What does type II diabetes mellitus mean?

A

Insulin resistant, associated with obisesty, Elevated blood glucose, insulin receptors are down regulated.

41
Q

A measurement of what is the basis for a test of be cell function in a person with what?

A

C-peptide, type I diabetes mellitus (receiving injections of ex insulin)

42
Q

Mellitus means

A

Sweet

43
Q

Somatostatin is inhibited by what?

A

Insulin

44
Q

Insulin synthesis is directed by a gene on what chromosome?

A

11

45
Q

What are the 4 types of islets of langerhans

A

A, b, o, PP

46
Q

Does IV glucose cause release of GIP?

A

Bo

47
Q

What does type one diabetes mellitus mean?

A

Inadequate insulin secretion, hyperkalemina, increase in ketoacid, FA, blood glucose, amino acids

48
Q

What 4 things does glucagon stimulate?

A

Gluconeogenesis, lipogenis, ketogenesis, ureogeneis

49
Q

The concentration of what is the most important determinat of glucagon secretion?

A

Glucose

50
Q

What are some things that inhibit glucagon ?

A

Glucose, insulin, somatostatin, GLP-1

51
Q

What inhibits glucagon secretion ?

A

Insulin and FFA

52
Q

There is a rich complement of sensory fibers that join what nerve and then enter the spinal chord?

A

Splanchnic nerve

53
Q

What is the function of PP?

A

Self regulate the pancreas secretory activities

54
Q

Where are O cells found in the pancreas ?

A

They’re inter spread (somatostatin)

55
Q

What drug is used to treat type II diabetes mellitus by Closing K channels that effect insulin secretion?

A

Sulfonylurea

56
Q

What is the hormone of starvation ?

A

Glucagon

57
Q

What hormones does the pancreas secrete?

A

Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, ghrelin

58
Q

Insulin is stored in the secretory granules complex with what?

A

Zinc

59
Q

Endocrine cells of the pancreas are arranged in clusters called what?

A

The islets of langerhans (make up 1-2% of pancreatic mass)

60
Q

Pancreatic polypeptide is secreted by what cells?

A

PP (f) cells

61
Q

O cells of the pancreas make up what percent of cells and what do they secrete?

A

10% and somatostatin

62
Q

If plasma glucose is greater than what, secretion of glucagon is max inhibited

A

200

63
Q

What are some things that inhibit insulin?

A

Fasting, exercising, somatostatin, epi, norepi, IGF-1, leptin, diazoxide

64
Q

What cell is found in the outer rim?

A

Alpha (they secrete glucagon)

65
Q

What causes the increase in insulin release after eating?

A

Incretin

66
Q

Do incretins (GIP and GLP) have a slow or fast rate of intestinal absorption?

A

Slow

67
Q

Proinsulin is shuttled where to form disulfide bridges?

A

E.R.

Endo2 (4 decks)

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