Fuel

Question 1

Why do warm blooded animals require uninterrupted supply of energy for?

Answer 1

Maintain temp, grow, reproduce, fight, flee

Question 2

Where do we store fuel?

Answer 2

Liver, adipose, skeletal muscle

Question 3

What are the two major regulators of fuel homiostasis? *****

Answer 3

Endocrine and autonomic NS

Question 4

When dietary or stored CHO is inadequate the availability of glucose is mantainted by what to strategies?

Answer 4

Gluconeogenesis (lactate, glycerol, alpine), and inhibition of utilization by tissues with alternate sources (fatty acids, ketones)

Question 5

Name all of the primary fuel hormones>?

Answer 5

Insulin, epinephrine, cortisol, glucagon, GH, Throxine (T4), leptin

Question 6

What are the principal target tissues?

Answer 6

Adipose, liver, skeletal muscle, brain

Question 7

The glucose fatty acid cycle does what?

Answer 7

Increase in FA to muscle limits glucose utilization, and an increase in glucose limits FA utilization

Question 8

AMPK in increased by what?

Answer 8

Phosphorylation

Question 9

What is the prose of AMPK ?

Answer 9

Increase energy production and decrease energy consumption

Question 10

What decrease blood glucose? **

Answer 10

Insulin

Question 11

What are some things that increase blood glucose? (Known as coulter reg hormones)

Answer 11

Epi/norepi, glucagon, cortisol, GH

Question 12

What is hypoglycemia?

Answer 12

Low blood glucose

Question 13

What is the response from the pancrease if there is hypoglycemia?

Answer 13

Stimulate alpha cells to release glucagon

Question 14

What happens in the liver during hypoglycemia ?

Answer 14

Gluconeogenesis

Question 15

What two homes are stimulated because of hypoglycemia?

Answer 15

CRF and GHRH (which increase pituitary ACTH and GH)

Question 16

What three hormones have a synergistic effect to raise blood glucose levels?

Answer 16

Glucagon, cortisol, epi/norepinephrine

Question 17

What hormone is not useful to a rapid restoration of blood glucose but is helpful after some time?

Answer 17

Growth hormone from the Anterior pituitary

Question 18

What is MOST responsive to insulin?

Answer 18

LIVER

Question 19

In the short term what is the immediate source of blood glucose?

Answer 19

Liver glycogen

Question 20

In the short term what lowers blood glucose?

Answer 20

Insulin

Question 21

In the short term what raises blood glucose?

Answer 21

Glucagon (so do catecholamines a little)

Question 22

Hypoglycemia is perceived by what two cells?

Answer 22

Pancreatic alpha cells, and glucose sensing cells of the hypothalamus

Question 23

The long term regulation of blood glucose concentration is direct and indirect to insure what?

Answer 23

Peripheral drain on glucose reserve is minimized, and liver contains adequate reservoir of glycogen to satisfy glucose demand.