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MD2001 Week 4 > Pancreas and Liver > Flashcards

Pancreas and Liver Flashcards

1
Q

What is the exocrine function for the pancreas and liver?

A

They are accessory organs for intestines

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2
Q

What do the pancreas and liver provide to the intestines?

A

Provide excretion (digestive enzymes, HCO3-) directly into intestine lumen to digest carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

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3
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas and liver?

A

Regulate blood borne energy substrate availability via hormones

Therefore after absorption

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4
Q

Where do the digestive pro-enzymes enter the small intestines?

A

Enter from the pancreatic duct to the 2nd part of the duodenum

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5
Q

Where does the pancreas sit?

A

Behind the retroperitoneal lining

Sits in a c-shape curve of the duodenum

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6
Q

What allows secretion into the duodenum from the gall bladder and pancreas?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

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7
Q

Where does the portal vein form?

A

Behind the neck of the pancreas at L1

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8
Q

What is the blood supply of the pancreas?

A

Splenic artery

Anterior and posterior superior pancreatico-duodenal arteries

Anterior and posterior inferior pancreatico-duodenal arteries

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9
Q

What is the origin of the splenic artery?

A

Coeliac trunk

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10
Q

What is the origin of the pancreatico-duodenal arteries?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

Coeliac trunk

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11
Q

What are the primary functions of the exocrine pancreas?

A

Neutralise the very acidic bolus that has arrived from the stomach

Deliver enzymes for macronutrient digestion in duodenum

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12
Q

What are pancreatic acinar cells?

A

Main secretory cells in pancreas

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13
Q

What connect clusters of acinar cells?

A

Intercalated ducts

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14
Q

Where do intercalating ducts flow into?

A

Intralobular ducts

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15
Q

What do acinar cells secrete?

A

Sodium, potassium, chlorine and bicarbonate

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16
Q

What do ductal cells secrete?

A

Serous and bicarbonate

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17
Q

What is the cephalic phase accountable for in regards to pancreatic secretions?

A

25%

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18
Q

What is the gastric phase accountable for in regards to pancreatic secretions?

A

10%

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19
Q

What is the intestinal phase accountable for in regards to pancreatic secretions?

A

65%

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20
Q

What is the gastric phase of digestion controlled by?

A

Vagovagal reflexes

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21
Q

What controls the intestinal phase of digestion?

A

Secretin and CCK

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22
Q

What controls the cephalic phase of digestion?

A

Vagus nerve stimulates pancreatic secretions by releasing ACh and VIP

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23
Q

What granules in the acinar cells house digestive enzymes?

A

Zymogen granules

24
Q

What are digestive enzymes released to?

A

In response to CCK, VIP and gastric-releasing peptide

25
Q

What happens when CCK enters the blood stream?

A

They travel to pancreatic acinar cells and bind to CCK receptors

These then force the zymogen granules to be exocytose and release the digestive enzymes into the intestinal space

26
Q

How do acinar cells secrete chlorine and what does this allow?

A

Basolateral binding of CCK and ACh stimulates chlorine across the apical membrane

This then facilitates the paracellular water and sodium movement

27
Q

How do intercalated ductal cells secrete chlorine and bicarbonate?

A

Secretin and ACh bind in ductal cells

These activate cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulators, chlorine channels and chlorine-bicarbonate co-transporters

28
Q

What can flow rate change in pancreatic secretion rate?

A

Increased in flow rate will increase the concentration of bicarbonate but will decrease chlorine

29
Q

What does flow rate no effect?

A

Sodium and potassium

30
Q

What surrounds the liver?

A

Peritoneum apart from the bare area

31
Q

What completely surrounds the liver?

A

Glisson’s capsule

32
Q

What is the Glisson’s capsule?

A

Thin connective tissue later with extensions into the organ between the lobules

33
Q

What is the blood supply of the liver?

A

Hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery

34
Q

Function of the hepatic portal vein?

A

Bringing absorbed nutrients from the stomach and gut to the liver

35
Q

Function of the hepatic artery?

A

Supplies the hepatocytes with oxygen

36
Q

What are the different lobes of the liver?

A

Left

Right

Caudate

Quadrate

Spigelian

37
Q

What separates the left and right lobes?

A

Falciform ligament

38
Q

What are the main functions of the live?

A

Synthesis and secretion of bile

Storage of glucose, glycogen, proteins, vitamins and fats

Detoxification of metabolic waste

Synthesis of blood clotting and anticoagulant factors

39
Q

What is bile made from?

A

Bile pigments

Cholesterol

Phospholipids

Fatty acids

Water

Electrolytes

40
Q

What is the main bile pigment?

A

Bilirubin

41
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

An orange-yellow pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of haemoglobin

42
Q

What are the role of bile salts?

A

Detergent and emulsifying effect of bile on fats

43
Q

What do hepatocytes do?

A

Secrete bile into canaliculi across a series of bile ducts until they from the common hepatic duct

44
Q

What is the flow of bile in relation to the hepatic artery and vein?

A

The opposite

45
Q

Where can bile travel from?

A

From the common bile duct into the duodenum or into the gall bladder

46
Q

What decides the end point of bile?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

When relaxed, mainly to duodenum

When contracted to gall bladder

47
Q

What is the effect of bile acids in bile?

A

Emulsify lipids

48
Q

What is the effect of water and electrolytes in the bile?

A

Water is reabsorbed by the changes in isosmotic pressure to concentrate the bile

49
Q

What regulates the sphincter of Oddi?

A

CCK

50
Q

What is the effect of CCK on the gall bladder?

A

Expel bile

51
Q

What is the effect of vagal stimulation on the gall bladder?

A

Weak contraction

52
Q

What inhibits bile acid secretion?

A

Somatostatin and noradrenaline

53
Q

What processes does the liver do in regards to metabolism?

A

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis

54
Q

What does the liver detoxify?

A

Removal of ammonia and ethanol and drug biotransformation

55
Q

What is the immune function of the liver?

A

Removal of intestinal bacteria from portal blood

MD2001 Week 4 (10 decks)

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