Pancreas

Question 1

Pancreases two functions

Answer 1

Endocrine: islets of langerhans (hormones = insulin, glucagon and somatostatin)

Exocrine: 99% of pancreas and mainly digestive function and produced bicarbonate ions (maintain end optimum ph and reduce acidity of chyme)

Question 2

Pancreatic enzymes

Answer 2

Lipase - digest fats
Trypsin and chymotrypsin - digest protein
Amylase - digest carbs and starch
Nuclease - cleaves nucleotide chains

Question 3

Pancreas structure

Answer 3

Head, goes into uncinate process (neck, body and tail)

Question 4

Pancreas development

Answer 4

Originally 2 in development but join at duodenum papilla but sometimes doesn’t fully fuse so can have minor duodenal papilla

Question 5

What makes up the islets of langerhang

Answer 5

15% alpha cells - glucagon
80% beta cells - insulin
Delta cells - somatostatin

Question 6

Somatostatin function

Answer 6

Slows gut activity, guastric emptying and slows muscle contraction

Question 7

Histological features of pancreas

Answer 7

White dots = islets of langerhans

Have ducts with simple columnar or cuboidal and muscle around it to move secretions

Question 8

Effect of diabetes

Answer 8

Glucose levels stay high resulting in damage to eyes kidneys and arteries and pee a lot as body try’s to get rid of - why take insulin injections

Question 9

Effect of cystic fibrosis

Answer 9

Respiratory condition - autosomal recessive, means secretions too thick meaning can’t get to area or too slow to get there
Even effects oral env. Dry mouth (caries)
Infertility, damage to lungs (mucous sticky = easy infections) and liver (blocks billary duct) also -

Effects exocrine portion of pancreas (reduced digestion, malabsorption and steatorrhea)

Question 10

What can finger clubbing show

Answer 10

Distorted nail bed angle and rounded fingers - shows respiratory disease (cystic fibrosis or cardiovascular disease or genetic) don’t know why occurs, maybe inflammation

Question 11

Pancreatic cancer info?

Answer 11

If in head and neck of pancreas blocks ducts = yellowing eyes and skin (obstructive Jaundis - something wrong with blood or liver, bile blocked so seals into skin)

Early metastasis (not localised so cant take out or do radiotherapy and kemo, IF CUT PANCREAS ENZYMES BEGIN TO DIGEST ITSELF)