Large Intestine

Question 1

Sections of large intestine

Answer 1

Caecum (no clear function)
Colon (ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid)
Rectum

Question 2

Function of appendix

Answer 2

Believe may have immune effect as made of lymphoid and inflammatory cells and harbours different bacteria to rest of large intestine

Question 3

Names of large intestine turning points

Answer 3

Right = hepatic flexure
Left = splenic flexure

Question 4

Name for regions of longitudinal muscle in large intestine

Answer 4

Taenia coil - less than in small intestine

Question 5

Large intestine inward sections of bumps

Answer 5

Haustra(e) or haustrations

Question 6

Fatty tags on large intestine and function

Answer 6

Appendices epiploicae - don’t know why have but same in everyone no matter the body fat present

Question 7

Rectum structures

Answer 7

Rectal valves
Anal column (up to internal sphincter)
Anal canal
Anus
Rectal sinus
External sphincter 
Internal sphincter (cannot control)
External sphincterS (can control)
Levator anti muscle
Internal hemorrhoidal plexus (veins surrounding rectum)

Question 8

Muscle types of rectum interior and external sphincters

Answer 8

Interior = smooth
Exterior = skeletal

Question 9

Opening of small intestine to large and valve function

Answer 9

Iliocaecal junction and ileocaecal valve that stops chyme going backwards (fold in the mucosa)

Question 10

Similarities between small and large intestine

Answer 10

Simple columnar with goblet cells,
Intestinal crypts (crypts of liberkuhn) [crypts are just dips in the epithelium in both large and small],
Mucosal glands

Question 11

Differences between small and large intestine

Answer 11

Large: have taenia coil (incomplete layer of longitudinal muscle) where as small is completely covered,
Has haustrae,
Doesn’t have villi

Question 12

What can cuts in the epithelium of intestine cause

Answer 12

Pollocks - growths (dysplasia)

Question 13

Why is it dangerous to have breaks in epithelium in intestine

Answer 13

As blood vessels within villi close to the surface

Question 14

Epithelium change at anus

Answer 14

From simple columnar to stratified - libel time rupture and thus cancer

Question 15

Colon function

Answer 15

Absorb water and electrolytes - failure here = diarrhoea

Question 16

Role of intestinal flora

Answer 16

Ferment dairy fibre (cellulose) and lipid, gases produced (flatus), synthesise some vitamins: vitamin B complex and K

Question 17

Large intestine motility

Answer 17

Mixing, local contraction of circular muscles (breaks down) and longitudinal muscle allows mixing of chyme
[all mainly in caecum and ascending colon]

Transverse and descending colon: 
Propulsive movement (short range peristalsis) of semi solid faecal matter

Question 18

What are mass movements in large intestine - what reflex causes?

Answer 18

In frequent more sustained contractions (occur after eating as a gastro-colic reflex) ie stomach rumbling when desire food as of this reflex and these movements

Moves chyme from proximal to distal colon

Question 19

Name of releasing faeces

Answer 19

defaecation - involuntary as internal sphincter and rectum smooth muscle controlled by ANS
External one striated muscle

Question 20

Surgeries in the intestine

Answer 20

Colostomy and iliostomy

Question 21

What is diarrhoea

Answer 21

Caused by gut infections, causes failure of fluid absorption through less colonic mixing resulting in electrolyte imbalance and dehydration

(Watery stools 3 times in 24hrs)

Question 22

What is constipation and what drug can help

Answer 22

Associated with gut spasm leading to increased fluid absorption, drug used is opiates - depressant of CNS