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pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

which enzyme parallels in elevation to amylase?

A

lipase

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2
Q

when will pancreatitis occur?

A

when pancreatic tissue becomes damaged as a result of increased secretion and blockage of ducts

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3
Q

4 causes of pancreatitis

A

alcoholism, trauma, peptic ulcer disease, biliary tract disease

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4
Q

what are the 5 B’s?

A

booze, blood, bile, bug, birth

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5
Q

what causes acute pancreatitis?

A

release of pancreatic enzymes into the surrounding tissue

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6
Q

what is the most common cause of pancreatitis in the US?

A

biliary tract disease

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7
Q

5 acute pancreatits symptoms

A

nausea, abdominal pain, fever, malaise, jaundice

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8
Q

5 clinical signs of acute pancreatitis

A

pleural effusion, pancreatic ascites, gallstones, lipase and amylase elevation

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9
Q

5 complications of acute pancreatitis

A

pseudocyst, phlegmon, abscess, hemorrhage, duodenal obstruction

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10
Q

sonographic findings of acute pancreatitis

A

swelling/enlargement, hypoechoic or anechoic, borders may be indistinct, compression of IVC

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11
Q

what is hemorrhagic pancreatitis?

A

rapid progression of acute pancreatitis with rupture of vessels and hemorrhage

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12
Q

what may cause focal areas of necrosis?

A

hemorrhagic pancreatitis

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13
Q

5 sonographic findings of hemorrhagic pancreatitis

A

enlarged pancreas, decreased echogenicity, depends on age of hemorrhage, well defined homogeneous mass, areas of necrosis

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14
Q

what is Grey Turner’s sign?

A

discoloration of glands due to necrosis of vessels resulting in hemorrhage

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15
Q

5 sonographic findings of chronic pancreatitis

A

increased echogenicity, decreased size, irregular borders, calcifications, dilated pancreatic duct

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16
Q

what causes a pseudocyst to develop?

A

enzymes that escape and break down tissue somewhere in the abdomen

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17
Q

what is the most common primary neoplasm of the pancreas?

A

adenocarcinoma

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18
Q

T or F? adenocarcinoma is the 4th most common cause of cancer related deaths

A

true

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19
Q

most common site for adenocarcinoma

A

pancreatic head

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20
Q

3 symptoms of adenocarcinoma

A

unexplained weight loss, palpable gallbladder, epigastric pain

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21
Q

how does cystadenoma appear and what may it be confused with?

A

thick walls, septa, cystic appearance

may be confused with pseudocyst

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22
Q

what is the malignant counterpart to cystadenomas?

A

cystadenocarcinoma

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23
Q

2 types of islet cell tumors

A

functioning–do produce hormones

nonfunctioning–do not produce hormones

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24
Q

how does the most common islet cell tumor appear?

A

B-cell tumor appears as numerous small lesions in body and tail

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25
What are acinar cells?
the cells of the pancreas that carry out the exocrine function and therefore produce amylase, lipase, and sodium bicarbonate
26
What is acute pancreatitis?
inflammation of the pancreas secondary to the leakage of the pancreatic enzymes from the acinar cells into the parenchyma of the organ
27
What is the ampulla of Vater?
the merging point of the pancreatic duct and CBD just before the sphincter of Oddi, AKA hepatopancreatic ampulla
28
What is chronic pancreatitis?
the recurring destruction of the pancreatic tissue that results in atrophy, fibrosis, scarring, and the development of calcification within the gland
29
What is chyme?
partially digested food
30
Double-duct sign
co-existing enlargement of the cbd and pancreatic duct
31
What is duct of Santorini?
the accessory duct of the pancreas
32
What is the duct of Wirsung?
the main pancreatic duct
33
What is gastrinoma?
an islet cell tumor found within the pancreas
34
What is insulinoma?
an islet cell tumor found within the pancreas
35
What are the isles of Langerhans?
small islands of tissue found within the pancreas that produce insulin and glucagon
36
What are islet cell tumors?
tumor found within the islet of Langerhans of the pancreas
37
What is the most common form of pancreatic malignancy?
pancreatic adenocarcinoma
38
What is pancreatic adenocarcinoma?
the most common form of pancreatic malignancy; typically found in the head of the pancreas
39
What is a pancreatic pseudocyst?
a cyst surrounded by fibrous tissue that consists of pancreatic enzymes that have leaked from the pancreas
40
Whipple AKA
pancreaticoduodenectomy
41
What is phlegmon?
the peripancreatic fluid collection that results from the inflammation of the pancreas
42
what is the sphincter of Oddi?
the muscle that controls the emptying of bile and pancreatic juices into the duodenum; AKA hepatopancreatic sphincter
43
What is the uncinate process?
posteriormedial extension of the pancreatic head
44
What is von-Hippel-Lindau disease?
a hereditary disease that includes the development of cysts within the pancreas and other organs
45
What is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?
syndrome that includes an excessive secretion of acid by the stomach caused by the presence of a functional gastrinoma within the pancreas
46
The pancreas functions as what two types of glands?
exocrine and endocrine
47
Where is the pancreas located?
in the epigastrium between the C-loop of the duodenum and the splenic hilum
48
Is the pancreas peritoneal or retroperitoneal?
retroperitoneal
49
What is the pancreas primarily?
an exocrine gland that aids in digestion
50
What does the amylase do?
digests carbs
51
What does lipase do?
digests fats
52
What does sodium bicarbonate do?
neutralizes stomach acid
53
What do trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxpolypeptidase do?
digest proteins
54
The endocrine function of the pancreas is performed by what?
isles of langerhans
55
The duct of Santorini is a branch from
the main pancreatic duct
56
The arterial supply to the head pancreas is from what?
gastroduodenal artery
57
The arterial supply to the body and tail of the pancreas is from
the splenic artery and SMA
58
What body position may help to visualize the pancreas?
left lateral decub
59
The pancreas is typically measured in what dimension?
AP dimension in the transverse scan plane
60
What are causes of acute pancreatitis?
alcoholism, choledocholithiasis, post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, trauma
61
Clinical findings suggesting acute pancreatitis?
abdominal and back pain, elevated serum amylase and lipase
62
Describe the pancreas with chronic pancreatitis?
small, heterogenous, poorly marginated
63
Clinical findings of chronic pancreatitis
asymptomatic, persistent epigastric pain, jaundice, back pain, possible elevation in amylase or lipase
64
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma AKA
pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
65
A pancreatic cystadenoma with be one of what two things?
microcystic (serous) or macrocystic (mucinous)
66
Clinical findings of pancreatic adenocarcinoma?
- elevated amylase and/or lipase - loss of appetite - weight loss - jaundice - Courvoisier GB - epigastric pain - loss of appetite
67
What kind of islet cell tumor is most common?
insulinomas
68
Sonographic findings of islet cell tumors:
- hypoechoic mass that may contain calcifications | - visualization is hard because of their small size
69
``` All of the following are part of the exocrine function of the pancreas except for the: A. production of lipase B. production of glucagon C production of amylase D. production of sodium bicarb ```
B. production of glucagon
70
What is associated with the development of cysts within the pancreas?
Von-Hippel-Lindau disease
71
The most common form of malignancy in the pancreas is
adenocarcinoma
72
The most common location of focal pancreatitis is within the
head of pancreas
73
``` All of the following are sonographic findings of chronic pancreatitis except: A. dilated pancreatic duct B. calcificatinos within the pancreas C. pancreatic pseudocyst D. diffusely hypoechoic pancreas ```
D.diffusely hypoechoic pancreas
74
``` All of the following are classic clinical features of acute pancreatitis except: A.Leukocytosis B. back pain C. weight gain D. fever ```
C. weight gain
75
What lab value appears to be most specific for acute pancreatitis
lipase
76
One of the most common locations for a pancreatic pseudocyst is within the
lesser sac
77
A gastrinoma of the pancreas can produce what?
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
78
The muscle that controls the emptying of bile and pancreatic juices into the duodenum
Sphincter of Oddi
79
What is the name for the main pancreatic duct?
duct of Wirsung
80
The most common echogenicity of an acutely inflamed pancreas is
hypoechoic
81
What is the early sonographic appearance of acute pancreatitis?
calcifications within the gland
82
Mucinous cystadenocarcinomas of the pancreas are most often located within which parts of the pancreas
head and neck
83
What is the hormone released by the pancreas that encourages the body's use of glucagon?
insulin

2nd year Abdominal (13 decks)

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