Chapter 8: The Adrenal Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What is adrenal adenoma?

A

benign solid mass located within the adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are adrenal cysts?

A

benign simple cysts located within the adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, which controls the release of hormones by the adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Conn Syndrome?

A

a syndrome caused by a functioning tumor within the adrenal cortex that produces excess amounts of aldosterone; patients will have hypertension, excessive thirst, excessive urination, and low levels of potassium in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

a syndrome that results from a pituitary or adrenal tumor that causes overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands; patients may present with obesity, thinning arms and legs, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and severe fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

glands that release their hormones directly into the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Gerota fascia?

A

the fibrous envelope of tissue that surrounds the kidney and adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is hirsutism?

A

excessive hair growth in women in areas where hair growth normally is negligible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is hypernatremia?

A

high levels of sodium in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is hypokalemia?

A

low levels of potassium in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a neuroblastoma?

A

malignant tumor that can occur within the adrenal gland and anywhere within the sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is pheochromocytoma?

A

benign, solid adrenal tumor associated with uncontrollable hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are suprarenal glands?

A

AKA adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

abnormally rapid heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The adrenal glands are controlled by what?

A

the hypothalamus (and therefore anterior pituitary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Are the adrenal glands peritoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What controls the release of hormones from the adrenal glands?

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone secreted by the ant. pit. gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The adrenal glands are enclosed by the

A

Gerota Fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Each gland is composed of what two things?

A

medulla and cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the three zones of the cortex of the adrenal gland?

A

zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata, and zona reticularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Aldosterone is secreted by what?

A

the cortex of the adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Aldosterone is responsible for what?

A

regulating blood pressure by controlling the amounts of sodium and water in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do androgenic hormones do?

A

They play a part in the development of male characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is cortisol?

A

A hormone that controls the body’s use of fat, carbs, and protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
The cortex of the adrenal glands produces what
aldosterone androgenic hormones cortisol
26
What does the medulla of the adrenal gland produce?
epi and norepi
27
Describe the location of the right adrenal gland?
- posterior and right lateral to the IVC - medial to RL of liver - lateral to the crus of the diaphragm
28
Describe the location of the left adrenal gland?
- medial to the upper pole of the left kidney - superior segment is located posterior to the lesser sac - inferior segment is located posterior and lateral to the pancreas
29
What does epinephrine do?
AKA adrenaline, accelerates heart rate, increases BP, opens airways to lungs, narrows blood vessels in the skin and intestine to increase blood flow to major muscle groups
30
What does norepinephrine do?
accelerates HR, increases BP, contracts blood vessls
31
What three arteries supply blood to adrenal glands?
- suprarenal branches of the inferior phrenic arteries - the suprarenal branches of the aorta - the suprarenal branches of the renal arteries
32
Venous drainage of the adrenal glands is performed by what?
suprarenal veins
33
The right suprarenal vein drains into
the IVC
34
The left suprarenal vein drains into
the left renal vein
35
Where are adrenal glands seen sonographically?
anterior, medial, and superior to kidneys
36
Cushing syndrome results from what?
high levels of cortisol secretion by the adrenal cortex
37
Cortisol plays an important role in
glucose metabolism, bp regulation, immune fx, inflammatory response
38
Cushing syndrome can be associate with what?
a benign tumor that leads to overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands..this tumor is often located within the adrenal gland (adrenal adenoma), or in the pituitary gland
39
What do patients with Cushings present with?
- obesity - thinning arms and legs - hypertension - hirsutism - hyperglycemia - severe fatigue
40
What does Conn syndrome result from?
high levels of aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex
41
Conn syndrome can be caused by what?
a functioning tumor within the adrenal cortex that causes the adrenal gland to produce excess amounts of aldosterone
42
Patients with Conn syndrome typically present with what?
- hypertension - excessive thirst - excessive urination - high levels of sodium in the blood (hypernatremia) - low levels of potassium in the blood (hypokalemia)
43
Adrenal adenomas can be either
hyperfunctioning | nonhyperfunctioning
44
Hyperfunctioning adenomas are often seen in patients with
either Cushings or Conn's syndromes
45
How do adrenal adenomas appear sonographically?
solid, hypoechoic mass in area of adrenal gland
46
T/F: adrenal adenomas may be asymptomatic?
TRUE
47
What do pheochromocytomas cause?
uncontrollable hypertension
48
Where does a pheochomocytoma arise from?
medulla of adrenal gland
49
List the clinical findings of pheochromocytomas?
- uncontrollable hypertension - headaches - tachycardia - tremors - anxiety - excessive sweating
50
Son findings of pheochromocytomas?
large hyperechoic mass in the area of the adrenal gland
51
Adrenal cysts are often difficult to distinguish from the
- liver - spleen - upper pole of kidneys
52
What kinds of adrenal cysts may cause pain?
large or hemorrhagic cysts or infected cysts
53
T/F: primary adrenal carcinoma is rare?
TRUE
54
Malignant adrenal tumors will produce symptoms associated with
Cushing syndrome, as they may be functional tumors that produce hormones
55
Metastisis to the adrenal glands originates most often in what 5 places?
- lungs - breast - colon - kidneys - melanoma
56
The most common extracranial solid, malignant tumor in children is what?
neuroblastoma
57
Clinical findings of neuroblastoma
- palp abdominal mass - abdominal pain - bone pain
58
T/F: metastasis is often found at time of discovery of neuroblastoma?
true
59
Neuroblastomas typically present before what age?
5 years of age
60
Son findings of Neuroblastoma
- large heterogenous mass containing areas of calcification and hemorrhage located in the area of the adrenal gland - metastasis often is present at the time of discovery
61
When do adrenal glands typically spontaneously hemorrhage?
in stressed neonates
62
How does adrenal gland hemorrhage appear sonographically?
heterogenous appearing mass in the area of the adrenal gland
63
Clinical findings of adrenal hemorrhage?
- abdominal mass | - acute drop in hematocrit and BP
64
``` All of the following are associated with Conn syndrome except? A. Adrenal adenoma B. Hypertension C. Excessive Thirst D. Thinning arms and legs ```
D. Thinning arms and legs
65
When internal bleeding is suspected, what lab value is useful?
hematocrit
66
The syndrome associated with hypertension, hyperglycemia, obesity, and an adrenal mass is
Cushings
67
``` All of the following are true statements about adrenal glands except: A. easily seen in fetus B. they are exocrine glands C. composed of cortex and medulla D. AKA suprarenal glands ```
B they are exocrine glands
68
What kind of gland releases hormones directly into the blood stream
endocrine
69
The arterial blood supply to the adrenal glands is accomplished by means of what?
Suprarenal arteries
70
Hyperfunctioning adrenal adenomas are associated with all of the following except: A. Cushing syndrome B.Conn Syndrome C. Hypoechoic mass in the area of the adrenal gland D. Acute drop in hematocrit
D. Acute drop in hematocrit
71
``` The adrenal cortex produces all of the following except: A. cortisol B. androgens C. aldosterone D. adrenaline ```
D. adrenaline
72
``` Which of the following is produced by the adrenal medulla? A. cortisol B. aldosterone C. Norepinephrine D. androgens ```
C. norepi
73
What best describes the location of the right adrenal gland?
posterior and lateral to the IVC
74
The right suprarenal vein drains directly into the
IVC
75
A 45 year old woman with thin arms and legs, htn, and severe fatigue presents to the US department for an abd. US. You should thus evaluate the adrenal glands for signs of
- primary adrenal carcinoma | - adrenal adenoma
76
The most common son. appearance of neuroblastoma is
heterogenous mass with calcifications
77
The neuroblastoma typically presents before the age of
5 years
78
Which hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary controls the release of hormones by the adrenal glands?
adrenocorticotropic hormone
79
``` All of the following are benign adrenal masses except: A. adrenal adenoma B. neuroblastoma C. pheochromocytoma D. adrenal hematoma ```
B. neuroblastoma
80
The adrenal glands receive blood supply from all of the following except: A. suprarenal branches of inferior phrenic arteries B. suprarenal branches of aorta C. suprarenal branches of renal arteries D. suprarenal branches of the celiac trunk
D. Suprarenal branches of celiac trunk
81
All of the following are true about the adrenal glands except: A. the adrenal glands play an important role in BP regulation B. the adrenal glands are easily ID'd in the fetus C. the left adrenal gland is located lateral to the upper pole of the left kidney D. the right adrenal gland is located medial to the right lobe of the liver
C. the left adrenal gland is located lateral to the upper pole of the left kidney