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2nd year Abdominal > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ascites?

A

A collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity

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2
Q

Define chromaffin cells?

A

the cells in the adrenal medulla that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

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3
Q

Define endoscopy?

A

a means of looking inside the human body by utilizing an endoscope

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4
Q

Define exudate ascites?

A

a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity that may be associated with cancer

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5
Q

Define hematocrit?

A

the lab. value that indicates the amount of RBC’s in blood

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6
Q

Define leukocytosis?

A

an elevated WBC count

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7
Q

Define nuclear medicine?

A

a diagnostic imaging modality that utilizes the administration of radionuclides into the human body for analysis of the function of organs, or the treatment of various abnormalities

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8
Q

Define oncocytes?

A

large cells of glandular origin

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9
Q

Define paracentesis?

A

procedure that uses a needle to drain fluid from the abdominal cavity for diagnostic/therapeutic reasons

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10
Q

Define parietal peritoneum?

A

portion of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavity

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11
Q

Define radiography?

A

a diagnostic imaging modality that uses ionizing radiation for imaging bones, organs, and some soft tissue structures

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12
Q

Define thoracentesis?

A

procedure that uses a needle to drain fluid from the pleural cavity for diagnostic/therapeutic reasons

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13
Q

Define transudate ascites?

A

a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity often associated with cirrhosis.

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14
Q

Define visceral peritoneum?

A

a portion of the peritoneum that is closely applied to each organ

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15
Q

Clinical indications for an abdominal/ retroperitoneal scan?

A
  • abdominal, flank, and/or back pain
  • signs/symptoms like jaundice or hematuria
  • palpable abnormalities (mass or organomegaly)
  • abnormal lab values/abnormal previous imaging exams
  • follow-up of known/suspected abnormality
  • search for metastatic disease/occult primary neoplasm
  • eval. of suspected congenital abnormalities
  • abdominal trauma
  • pre/post-transplant eval.
  • planning/guidance of invasive procedure
  • search for free/loculated fluid (retro & peritoneal)
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16
Q

Patient prep for gallbladder/abdominal procedure?

A

NPO ATLEAST 4 hours, 8 hours optimal

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17
Q

Why should patients be NPO before abdominal exams?

A

can eliminate presence of bowel gas, prevents contracted gallbladder due to recent food intake

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18
Q

T/F: Most renal exams can be performed without the patient fasting?

A

True, though some labs may want patient well-hydrated

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19
Q

When should diabetic patients be scanned?

A

Early in the morning to prevent hypoglycemic incidents

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20
Q

What is universally obtained prior to invasive procedures?

A

patient consent

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21
Q

What are common invasive procedures performed in sonography departments?

A
  • thoracentesis
  • paracentesis
  • organ biopsies
  • mass biopsies
  • abscess drainages
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22
Q

True/False: Biopsies can be performed free-handed?

A

True

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23
Q

What previous exams should be reviewed by the sonographer before the exam begins?

A

All previous relatable imaging and lab evals.

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24
Q

What does leukocytosis indicate?

A

presence of infection

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25
Q

Patients with some form of “-it is” probably have what?

A

infection, and leukocytosis

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26
Q

What does a DECREASE in hematocrit indicate?

A

some type of bleeding (ex. recent trauma or hemorrhage)

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27
Q

Describe comet tail artifact

A

a reverberation artifact caused by several small, highly reflective interfaces
(seen with adenomyomatosis of GB)

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28
Q

Describe mirror image artifact

A

produced by strong reflector and results in a copy of the anatomy being placed deeper than the correct location
(seen posterior to liver and diaphragm)

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29
Q

Describe posterior (acoustic) enhancement

A

produced when the sound beam is barely attenuated through fluid
(seen posterior to GB, renal cysts, ascites)

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30
Q

Describe reverberation artifact

A

caused by a large acoustic interface and subsequent production of false echoes
(seen as echogenic region in the ant. aspect of the gallbladder)

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31
Q

Describe ring-down artifact

A

a type of reverberation that appears as a solid streak or a chain of parallel bands radiating away from a structure
(seen with gas)

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32
Q

Describe shadowing artifact

A

caused by attenuation of the sound beam

seen posterior to calculi and bone

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33
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

The double lining of the abdominal cavity

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34
Q

What does the peritoneum consist of?

A

a parietal and visceral layer

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35
Q

Describe the parietal peritoneum?

A

forms a closed sac, except for two openings in the female pelvis, providing passage for fallopian tubes

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36
Q

Describe the visceral peritoneum?

A

serosal layer covering each organ

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37
Q

List the intraperitoneal organs

A
  • gallbladder
  • liver (except bare area)
  • ovaries
  • spleen
  • stomach
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38
Q

Are the retroperitoneal organs covered anteriorly or posteriorly with peritoneum?

A

anteriorly

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39
Q

What two sections can the abdominal parietal peritoneum be divided into?

A

the greater sac and lesser sac

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40
Q

Where is the greater sac of the abdominal parietal peritoneum found?

A

extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis

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41
Q

Where is the lesser sac of the abdominal parietal peritoneum found?

A

posterior to the stomach

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42
Q

Describe potential spaces

A

outpouching in the peritoneum found between organs

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43
Q

List the retroperitoneal organs

A
  • abdominal aorta
  • kidneys
  • abdominal lymph nodes
  • adrenal glands
  • ascending and descending colon
  • duodenum
  • IVC
  • pancreas
  • prostate gland
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • uterus
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44
Q

What kinds of fluid can ascites be?

A

serosal fluid, pus, blood, urine, or a combination

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45
Q

How can exudate ascites appear?

A

as complex fluid with loculations and can produce matting of the bowel

46
Q

How can transudate (benign) ascites appear?

A

consists only of serosal fluid, appears simple and anechoic

47
Q

What pathologies are associated with ascites?

A
  • acute cholecystitis
  • cirrhosis
  • congestive heart failure
  • ectopic pregnancy
  • malignancy
  • portal hypertension
  • ruptured AAA
48
Q

Where is the subphrenic space?

A

inferior to diaphragm

49
Q

The posterior subhepatic space is AKA

A

Morrison’s Pouch

50
Q

Where is the lesser sac?

A

between stomach and pancreas

51
Q

Where are paracolic gutters?

A

extend alongside the ascending and descending colon

52
Q

What is an adenoma?

A

tumor of glandular origin, found in most organs

53
Q

Define angiomyolipoma

A

tumor of blood vessels, muscles and fat, found often in kidneys

54
Q

Define focal nodular hyperplasia

A

abnormal accumulation of cells within a focal region of an organ, found often in liver

55
Q

Define granuloma

A

tumor consisting of a group of inflammatory cells, found in the liver and spleen

56
Q

Define gastrinoma

A

tumor that secretes gastrin, found in pancreas

57
Q

Define hamartoma

A

tumor consisting of an overgrowth of normal cells of an organ, found in kidney

58
Q

Define hemangioma

A

tumor consisting of blood vessels, found in liver, spleen, kidney

59
Q

Define hematoma

A

localized collection of blood, found in any organ/tissue affected by trauma

60
Q

Define insulinoma

A

tumor that secretes insulin, found in pancreas

61
Q

Define lipoma

A

tumor that consists of fat, found in liver, spleen, kidney

62
Q

Define oncocytoma

A

tumor consisting of oncocytes, found in kidney

63
Q

Define pheochromocytoma

A

tumor that consists of chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland, found in adrenal gland

64
Q

Define teratoma

A

tumor that consists of tissue from all three germ cell layers

65
Q

Define urinoma

A

localized collection of urine, found next to kidney transplant

66
Q

Describe adenocarcinoma

A

cancer of glandular origin, found in the pancreas and GI tract

67
Q

Describe angiosarcoma

A

cancer in the lining of vessels (lymphatic or vascular, found in spleen

68
Q

Describe choriocarcinoma

A

cancer that consists of trophoblastic cells, found in testicle

69
Q

describe cholangiocarcinoma

A

cancer of bile ducts, seen in biliary tree

70
Q

Describe cystadenocarcinoma

A

cancer that is fundamentally adenocarcinoma with cystic components, found in pancreas

71
Q

Describe embryonal cell carcinoma

A

cancer that is of germ cell origin, found in testicle

72
Q

Describe follicular carcinoma

A

cancer of aggressive abnormal epithelial cells, found in thyroid

73
Q

Describe hepatocellular carcinoma

A

cancer that originates in the hepatocytes, liver

74
Q

Describe hypernephroma (RCC)

A

cancer that originates in tubules of kidney

75
Q

Describe lymphoma

A

cancer of the lymphatic system, found in spleen and kidney

76
Q

Describe papillary carcinoma

A

cancer that has formation of many irregular, fingerlike projections, found in thyroid

77
Q

Describe seminoma

A

cancer that originates in the seminiferous tubules, found in testicle

78
Q

Describe TCC

A

Cancer that originates in the transitional epithelium of an organ or structure, found in bladder, ureter, kidney

79
Q

Describe yolk sac tumor

A

cancer that is of germ cell origin

80
Q

What are common malignant solid pediatric abdominal masses?

A
  • neuroblastoma
  • nephroblastoma (Wilms)
  • Hepatoblastoma
81
Q

Where are neuroblastomas found?

A

adrenal glands of children

82
Q 
Transitional cell carcinoma is commonly found in all of the following locations except:
A. liver
B. renal pelvis
C. Urinary bladder
D. ureter
A

A. liver

83
Q

The neuroblastoma is a malignant pediatric mass commonly found in:

A

adrenal gland

84
Q

The pheochromocytoma is a benign mass commonly located in

A

adrenal gland

85
Q 
Which is not considered an intraperitoneal organ?
A. liver
B. pancreas
C. gallbladder
D.spleen
A

b. pancreas

86
Q 
Which of the following is not considered a retroperitoneal organ?
A. abdominal lymph nodes
B. kidneys
C. adrenal glands
D. ovaries
A

D. ovaries

87
Q

The hypernephroma may also be known as:

A

renal cell carcinoma (RCC)

88
Q

A type of reverb. artifact caused by several small, highly reflective interfaces, like gas bubbles describes

A

comet tail artifact

89
Q

The term cholangiocarcinoma denotes

A

bile duct carcinoma

90
Q

The hepatoma is a

A

malignant tumor of the liver

91
Q

The hepatoblastoma is a

A

malignant tumor of the pediatric liver

92
Q

A Wilm’s tumor is AKA

A

nephroblastoma

93
Q

An angiosarcoma would most likely be discovered in the

A

gallbladder

94
Q

A gastrinoma would most likely be seen in the

A

pancreas

95
Q

The space located behind the liver and stomach, and posterior to the pancreas is the

A

lesser sac

96
Q 
Which is an intraperitoneal organ?
A. left kidney
B. aorta
C. IVC
D. liver
A

D. liver

97
Q

Which is a malignant testicular neoplasm?

A. neuroblastoma
B. hepatoma
C. yolk sac tumor
D. hamartoma

A

C. yolk sac tumor

98
Q

The oncocytoma is a mass noted more commonly in the

A

kidneys

99
Q

These potential spaces extend alongside the ascending and descending colon on both sides of the abdomen

A

paracolic gutters

100
Q

This common tumor of the kidney consists of blood vessels, muscle, and fat

A

angiomyolipoma

101
Q 
Which is not a pediatric malignant mass?
A. hepatoblastoma
B. neuroblastoma
C. pheochromocytoma
D. nephroblastoma
A

C. pheochromocytoma

102
Q

A tumor that consists of tissue from all three germ cell layers is the

A

teratoma

103
Q

A benign tumor that consists primarily of blood vessels best describes

A

hemangioma

104
Q

The insulinoma is a

A

benign pancreatic tumor

105
Q

A tumor that consists of a group of inflammatory cells best describes the

A

granuloma

106
Q

A tumor that consists of a focal collection of blood

A

hematoma

107
Q

The malignant testicular tumor that consists of the trophoblastic cells

A

choriocarcinoma

108
Q

Which lab values would be most helpful in evaluating a patient with recent trauma?

A

hematocrit

109
Q

Which lab value would be helpful for evaluating a patient with infection?

A

WBC count

110
Q

The artifact most commonly encountered posterior to a gallstone

A

shadowing

111
Q

A collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity often associated with cancer is

A

exudate ascites

2nd year Abdominal (13 decks)

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