Pancreas Flashcards
anterior
stomach, transverse mesocolon, superior mesenteric artery
posterior
left kidney
left adrenal gland
AA
IVC
L&R renal veins
R renal artery
sup mesenteric vessels
splenic vein
hepatic portal vein
superior
splenic artery, stomach
inferior
SI
jejunum
transverse colon
right
duodenum curve
left
spleen
two roles
endocrine
exocrine
endocrine
1%
specialised cells: cells of langerhans, pancreatic islets are found distributed
do the islets have ducts
no
hormones diffuse directly into the blood
what hormones regulate glucose blood levels
glucagon and insulin
exocrine
99%
large number of lobules make up acini
walls are composed of acinar cells (secretory cells)
acinar cells
secrete pancreatic juice
each lobular is drained by a tiny duct which unites to form the pancreatic duct, extending and opening into the duodenum
before entering the duodenum, the pancreatic duct joins with the common bile duct to form the hepatic-pancreatic ampulla
what is the duodenal ampulla controlled by
hepatic-pancreatic sphincter
exocrine function
produce pancreatic juice which contains enzymes, inactive precursors
what does parasympathetic stimulation do
increase secretion
what does gastrin do
boost pancreatic juice production
what are the parts of the pancreas
head
body
tail
body
opens into the duodenum along with the common bile duct
orifice of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct is surrounded by the sphincter of Oddi
lies across the abdomen
what parts of retroperitoneal
head and body
tail
lies across the left kidney, in contact with the spleen
head
lies across the curve of the duodenum
location
epigastric
left hypochrium
where does it lie
across the posterior abdominal wall
extends transversely across the post abdominal wall from the duodenum to the spleen
at what level
approx L1/L2
what feeds into the ampulla of Vater
pancreatic duct and bile duct
compression causes jaundice
what are the four types of islets
alpha
beta
delta
G-cells
alpha:
glucagon is secreted when glucose levels are too low
breaks down glycogen into glucose
gluconeogenesis is activated: AA-> glucose
beta:
insulin is secreted when glucose levels are too high
it metabolises carbohydrates
takes up glucose and stored it is glycogen
promotes lipid and protein synthesis
what does insulin and glucagon help with
transfer of carb reserves from the liver to active tissues, maintaining a constant blow sugar level minimising osmotic fluctuations
lack of insulin deprives the cells which can lead to diabetes mellitus
delta
secretion of stomatostatin is a growth inhibiting factor which inhibits the release of hormones: insulin, glucagon, gastrin and pancreatic enzymes which aid digestion
gastric secretion is reduced by the stimulation of eating
G-cells
gastrin is produced in the lining of the stomach, and upper SI and pancreas released into circulation
gastrin stimulates the release of gastric acid from the stomach (HCl)
secretin
stimulates pancreatic juice slowing stomach emptying
CCK
acts of the GB and pancreas stimulating PJ and bile
blood supply
heart -> aorta -> thoracic aorta -> AA -> coeliac artery
arteries:
splenic
right gastric artery
superior mesenteric
veins: splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein -> portal vein
nerve supply
coeliac ganglion, greater and lesser splanchnic nerve: suppresses PJ secretion
vagus nerve: increases secretion
lymphatics
larger interlobular lymphatics are formed by the junction of their tributaries, which travel with the blood vessels and move towards the ring of nodes which surround the pancreas
pancreatico splenic + pyloric nodes -> superior mesenteric and coeliac nodes -> thoracic duct
what does lymph drainage involve
aorta at the coeliac trunk to the superior mesenteric artery
lymph is received directly from the pancreas or by the nodes which ring the organ
purpose of lymphatic drainage
remove excess interstitial fluid,
if overwhelmed exocrine secretions in the IF build up and proteolytic enzymes damage the tissues
what does increased oedema lead to
accentuates the inability to drain fluid -> further damage -> fibrosis and stricture -> chronic and recurrent pancreatitis
