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Pelvis and Abdomen A&P > Female Reproduction > Flashcards

Female Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

comprised of

A

ovaries
uterine tube
Fallopian tubes
vagina
uterus
cervix
external genitalia
breasts

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2
Q

surgical removal of ovaries

A

oophorectomy

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3
Q

surgical removal of uterus

A

hysterectomy

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4
Q

surgical removal of uterine tubes and ovaries

A

bilateral salpingo-oopharectomy

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5
Q

surgical removal of urinary bladder

A

cystectomy

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6
Q

functions of the female repro system

A

produce gonads (sex hormones)
produce gametes
support and protect the developing embryo (implantation, gestation, amniotic fluid-shock absorber)
produce and nourish infant

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7
Q

what type of vulval arteries are there

A

2 external and one internal

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8
Q

blood supply of the external genitalia

A

vulval arteries
branches of iliac arteries
damage can lead to haemorrhage

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9
Q

arterial blood supply of external geneitalia

A

branches of internal pudenal arteries branch from internal iliac arteries
external arteries branch from the femoral arteries

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10
Q

venous blood supply of external genitalia

A

forms a large plexus of internal iliac veins

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11
Q

external genitalia lymphatics

A

superficial inguinal -> deep inguinal nodes -> external common iliac -> para-aortic

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12
Q

what is the perineum

A

diamond shape region inferior to the pelvic floor
extends from the base of the labia to the anal canal
consists of connective tissue, muscle and fat

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13
Q

what is the perineum divided into

A

anterior urogenital triangle: contains urinary and repro systems, anchors external genitalia
posterior anal triangle: contains anal sphincter
reaction is likely due to the moist environment, subject to friction

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14
Q

what does the vulva consist of

A

labia major
labia minor
vestibule
vestibular glands
clitoris
vaginal orifice
hymen

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15
Q

labia major

A

two large folds forming the vulval boundary
thicker anteriorly where they join to form the anterior commission
composed of fibrous tissue, fat and skin
large number of sebaceous glands and eccrine glands
anteriorly join with the pubis symphysis and posterior with the skin of the perineum
hair grows on the mon pubis and lateral labia major

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16
Q

labia minora

A

a small hair free folds
contains sebaceous glands and accrine glands
cleft in between the minora = vestibule
glands open into the vestibule
contains the external opening of the urethra and vagina

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17
Q

clitoris

A

sensitive erectile tissue, contains sensory nerves
sits anterior to the vestibule
prepuce of the clitoris = hooded skin fold

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18
Q

vestibular glands

A

secrete mucus to stay moist
found each side of the vaginal opening
ducts open immediately into the vestibule, lateral to the hymen attachment

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19
Q

what cat is Ca endometrium

A

2

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20
Q

what cat is Ca cervix

A

1

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21
Q

what is oogenesis

A

immature female gametes become mature ova

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22
Q

ovaries location

A

attaches to the upper part of the uterus by the ovarian ligament and the back of the broad ligament by the mesovarium
lie close to the lateral pelvic walls

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23
Q

ovary function

A

storage of female gametes and develop prior ovulation
maturation is controlled by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland secreting FSH and LH (gonadtrophins)
releases hormones essential for physiological changes during the repro cycle.

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24
Q

what happens when the ovum develops

A

oestrogen levels rise, after ovulation the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and a tiny bit of oestrogen and inhibin

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25
FSH role
maturation of follicles, secretion of oestrogen results in ovulation, once ovulation occurs this is suppressed which prevents other follicles from developing and maturing in the same cycle
26
LH role
triggers ovulation, stimulates the development of the corpus leutem and progesterone secretion
27
structure of the ovaries
consists of a medulla and cortex medulla = fibrous tissue, blood vessels, nerves cortex = surrounds the medulla, framework of connective tissue which is covered by the germinal epithelium. ovarian follicles are found at numerous stages before puberty these are immature and the storm contains immature primordial follicles during puberty at every 28 days 1 or more follicles mature and rupture, where they are released into the peritoneal cavity from the ovary = ovulation
28
what happens to the ruptured follicle
develops into the corpus leuteum
29
is the FT attaches to the ovaries
not directly attached to the ovary however it is directly attached to the uterus it is held in place by its own ligament, the top of the FT has fimbrae gap between the FT and ovary
30
ovarian arteries
branches off the AA ovarian branch of uterine arteries travel through the suppressors ligaments
31
ovarian drainage
plexus of veins to the ovarian veins left ovarian vein -> left renal vein -> IVC right ovarian vein -> IVC
32
where are the ovarian nerves supplied from
parasympathetic stimulation from the sacral outflow sympathetic stimulation from the lumbar outflow
33
menstrual cycle
prepares the uterus for the nourishment and to retain the fertilised ovum flow is controlled by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
34
structure of uterus
uterine muscles accommodate the development of a foetus, secretions nourish the ovum before implantation and cells are nourished by the endometrial cells after three weeks the placenta takes over foetus is attached to the placenta and the uterus wall, allowing for the baby to grow as it receives nutrients and oxygen placenta secretes progesterone which stops the uterine walls from contracting in response to the progressive stretching, by the end oestrogen allows for the uterine walls to contract
35
uterus location
anterior = rectum superior and posterior = bladder
36
anteverted
incline forward almost 90 degrees to the vagina so that its ant wall rests partly against the bladder from the vesicouterine pouch
37
retroflexion
turned backwards
38
lymphatic drainage of ovaries
pre-aortics and para-aortic
39
what surrounds and supports the structures
broad ligament - parametric
40
what ligaments are the ovary supported by
ovarian ligament suspensory ligament mesovarium
41
ovarian ligament
anchors medially to the uterus
42
suspensory ligament
anchors laterally to the pelvic wall
43
mesovarium
suspends ovaries between other ligaments
44
what are the regions of the uterus
body fundus
45
body of the uterus
glandular tissue (adenocarcinoma) narrowest inferiorly at the internal os where it is continuous with the cervix
46
fundus of the uterus
dome shaped superior to the uterine tube made from muscular tissue
47
cervix
protrudes through the ant wall of the vagina, opening at the external os
48
uterine cavity
inferior to the uterus body
49
transformation zone
area between the cervix and body
50
cervical canal
inferior to the narrow cervix
51
internal os
opening of the cervical canal into the uterine cavity
52
external os
opening of the cervical canal into the vaginal canal
53
what is the outer epithelium of the cervix composed of
squamous epithelium
54
what are the three layers of the uterus
perimetrium myometrium endometrium
55
perimetrium
outer serous layer part of the visceral peritoneum laterally only the fundus is covered due to the double fold with the uterine tubes in the upper free border, double fold becomes the broad ligament, the lateral parts connect the uterus to the pelvic wall anteriorly lies over the fundus and body where its folded onto the upper surface of the urinary bladder, the fold forms the vesicouterine pouch posteriorly - peritoneum covers the fundus, body, cervix folding back onto the rectum to form the rectouterine pouch, a barrier between the rectum and uterus
56
myometrium
middle muscle layer three layers if smooth muscle, fibres are interlude with areolar tissue, blood vessels and nerves thickest at the fundus thinnest at the cervix
57
endometrium
inner most layer columnar epithelium, covering a connective layer containing lots of mucus glands highly vascularised: rich blood supply, due to spinal arteries, branches of uterine artery contains endometrial cells
58
the endometrium consists of two layers
functional and basal
59
what is the functional layer
responsive to hormones lines with the uterine cavity thickens and becomes rich with blood vessels in the first half of the cycle, sheds during menstruation
60
basal layer:
not responsive to hormones permanent layer, lies next to the myometrium not lost in menstruation, gives rise to new stratum functionalis cells
61
what is the upper 2/3 of cervix lined with
mucous membrane
62
what is the lower 1/3 of cervix lined with
stratified squamous
63
arterial supply of the uterus
uterine arteries, branches of the internal iliac arteries pass up the lateral aspects of the uterus between the layers of broad ligaments supply the uterus and the uterine tubes which join the ovarian arteries to supply the ovaries
64
venous supply of the uterus
follow the arterial route, drain into the internal iliac veins
65
lymphatics of the uterus
deep and superficial inguinal vessels drain lymph from the uterus and uterine tubes to the aortic LN and groups associated with the iliac blood vessels
66
what spread is most likely for SCC cervix
lymphatic
67
nerve supply within the uterus
parasympathetic: sacral outflow supplies the uterus and uterine tubes sympathetic: lumbar outflow
68
what are the ligaments found at the uterus
broad round uterosacral transverse cervucal pubocervical
69
what is the broad ligament within the uterus
formed by the double fold of the peritoneum, on each side of the uterus, which hangs down from the tubes the lateral ends attach to the pelvic wall uterine tubes are enclosed in the upper free border and near the lateral ends they penetrate through the posterior wall, opening into the peritoneal cavity
70
round ligament within the uterus
fibrous muscle between the two layers of broad ligament attaching the uterus to the anterior abdominal wall passes sides of the pelvis and then into the inguinal canal, which then fuses with the labia major
71
uterosacral ligament
originates from the posterior wall of the vagina and the cervix extends back so that one side of the rectum is attached to the sacrum
72
transverse cervical ligament
extends from each side of the cervix and vagina to the sides of the pelvis wall
73
pubocervical fascia
extends forwards from the transverse cervical ligament on each side of the bladder attached to the posterior surface of the pubic bones
74
functions of the uterine tube
provide a route for sperm to reach the ovum transports the ovum to the uterus maintains mature ova in a variable state, fluid environment at ovulation: infundibulum bends over the ovary, fimbrae stiffens and sweeps the ovary surface, cilia beats and creates currents in the peritoneal fluid carrying the ovum to the UT ovum moves via ciliary movement and peristalsis
75
what is the UT lined with
ciliated columnar epithelium which have secretory cells which provide nourishment
76
where does the UT lie
upper free border of the broad ligament, trumpet part penetrates the posterior wall, into the peritoneal cavity
77
what is the UT covered by
visceral peritoneum, a middle layer of smooth muddle and lined with ciliated epithelium, uterine secretions nourish the ovum and sperm
78
where des fertilisation occur
in the uterine tubes where its propelled to the uterus for implantation
79
what is the transformation zone
where the endocervix and ectocervix meet squamocolumnar junction
80
ectocervix
extends into the vagina stratified squamous epithelium
81
endocervix
continuous with the uterine cavity columnar epithelium, glandular
82
what is the vagina
fibromuscular tube which is lined with stratified squamous epithelium, opening at the vestibule at the distal end, the uterine cervix protrudes at the proximal end runs obliquely at a 45 angle upwards and backwards between the bladder, rectum and anus behind
83
what does the upper end of the vagina hold
the vaginal vault, containing ant, post and lateral fornices
84
what is the hymen
thin mucous membrane, incomplete for menstrual flow, stretched during sex, tampon or child birth
85
describe the vaginal structure
outer layer (adventita) of areolar muscle, with connective tissue which anchors the vagina to adjacent organs middle = smooth muscle inner layer = stratified squamous epithelium whichbforms rugger, no secretory glands but kept moist from the cervical secretions
86
what secretes lactic acid and why?
lactobacillus acidophilus maintaining the acidic environment, inhibits micro-organisms from growing
87
what are the upper vaginal lymphatics
obturator internal external pre sacral
88
what are the inner vaginal lymphatics
inguinal femoral

Pelvis and Abdomen A&P (12 decks)

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