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C. Comprehensive Exam > (PALM 306) Exam 4 > Flashcards

(PALM 306) Exam 4 Flashcards

Processing Reagents Clearants Processor, Maintenance and QC Processing protocols, Troubleshooting and Reprocessing

1
Q

Which of the following is a feature of well-fixed tissue?

A

o Well stained cytoplasm
o Clear chromatin patterns
o Sharply defined cell membranes

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2
Q

Which of the following fixatives yields higher immunoreactivity than 10% neutral buffered formalin?

A

o Zinc formalin

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3
Q

The preferred fixative for the demonstration of chromaffin granules and the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma is:

A

o Orth

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4
Q

Kidney tissue has been submitted in Michel medium for immunofluorescence studies. Before the histotechnologist performs the required studies, the tissue should be:

A

o washed in PBS containing 10% sucrose

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5
Q

Hollande solution is a modification of which of the following fixatives?

A

o Bouin solution

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6
Q

Clarke solution is used for the fixation of:

A

o Frozen sections and smears

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7
Q

You are getting knife lines using a fresh blade when attempting to section bone. This is likely due to:

A

o Under decalcification

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8
Q

Decalcification with simple acids can be enhanced without negatively effecting the results by all of the following except:

A

o Heat

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9
Q

Alcoholic formalin could be used for all of the following except:

A

o Gout specimens

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10
Q

Which of the following is a chelating agent used for decalcification?

A

EDTA

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11
Q

Which decalcification method uses ammoniated resin covered with formic acid to remove calcium from tissue?

A

o Ion-exchange

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12
Q

This fixative would be preferred for the preservation of eye specimens

A

Davidson

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13
Q

Ethanol is useful as a fixative of

A

o Glycogen

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14
Q

Which of the following formalin solutions is recommended to use for the preservation of phospholipids?

A

o Calcium formalin

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15
Q

Small calcifications may be removed by which of the following fixative solutions?

A

Gendre

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16
Q

When Zenker solution is used as a tissue fixative, it will be necessary to remove which of the following from the tissue?

A

Mercury Pigment

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17
Q

Decalcification is the removal of _______ from tissue for artifact-free paraffin sectioning.

A

o Calcium minerals

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18
Q

A specimen of kidney must be shipped long distance (> 1 day) to another facility for immunofluorescence studies. The specimen should be placed in:

A

o Michel solution

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19
Q

Which of the following fixatives would be recommended for the fixation of specimens for immunoflourescence?

A

Acetone

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20
Q

Chemicals that bind calcium without the aid of acids to remove calcium ions are called:

A

Chelating agents

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21
Q

To facilitate sectioning, a nail specimen or heavily keratinized skin can be placed in:

A

o Fabric softener
o Nair/Veet
o 0.5% sodium/potassium hydroxide

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22
Q

Microscopic evaluation of an H&E stained bone marrow shows nuclear and cellular damage. This was most likely caused by:

A

o over-decalcification

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23
Q

Microscopic evaluation of H&E stained sections from a surgically removed, formalin fixed small bowel specimen shows an absence of much of the epithelium in otherwise normal tissue. This could most likely be prevented in the future by:

A

o opening the specimen and adding fixative upon receipt

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24
Q

Which method used to determine the end point of decalcification cannot be used with a metal containing fixative?

A

Radiographic

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25
Q

Acetone is recommended for the primary fixation of:

A

o Brain tissue for the diagnosis of rabies

26
Q

Cell shrinkage, cytoplasm disruption or separation can result if there is:

A

o a delay in fixation

27
Q

Which decalcification method may cause heat damage to the specimen?

A

o Electrolytic

28
Q

Which decalcification method may cause heat damage to the specimen?

A

o Electrolytic

29
Q

All of the following are methods for checking decalcification end point EXCEPT:

A

o Electrolytic

30
Q

Michel medium is:

A

o used for transporting unfixed tissue

31
Q

Primary fixation with aldehydes for electron microscopy requires secondary fixation in:

A

o osmium tetroxide

32
Q

Which of the following is an example of a physical method of determining the end point of decalcification?

A

o Manually bending the specimen

33
Q

What are the chemical components of Bouin solution?

A

o Picric acid, formaldehyde, acetic acid

34
Q

Which of the following fixatives contains chemicals that would remove microcalcifications in tissue?

A

Hollande Solution

35
Q

Following fixation with Bouin solution, tissue should be washed with:

A

o 50% to 70% alcohol

36
Q

Uric acid crystals are preserved ONLY when tissue is fixed in:

A

o absolute alcohol

37
Q

Which of the following fixatives contains mercuric chloride and formaldehyde

A

B5

38
Q

Which of the following are the chemical components of Zenker?

A

o Mercuric chloride, potassium dichromate, acetic acid

39
Q

A maximum 2-4 hour fixation time is recommended for this fixative when used for EM.

A

o Osmium tetroxide

40
Q

Carnoy solution is a combination of which of the following chemicals?

A

o chloroform, glacial acetic acid, and absolute alcohol

41
Q

When performing the calcium oxalate test to determine the end point of decalcification, a _________ solution indicates complete decalcification.

A

o Clear

42
Q

Microscopic evaluation of H&E stained sections from a surgically removed small bowel specimen shows an absence of much of the epithelium in otherwise normal tissue. This most likely resulted from:

A

o delayed fixation

43
Q

Which of the following formalin solutions is recommended for fixation of central nervous system tissues?

A

o Formalin ammonium bromide

44
Q

Under-decalcification detected at microtomy can be corrected by:

A

o Surface decaling

45
Q

Tissue may be stored up to 2 weeks in this transport solution without affecting immunofluorescence or immunohistochemistry:

A

PBS

46
Q

In the electrolytic method of decalcification, the specimen to be decalcified is attached to the anode. The reason for this is that:

A

o calcium ions will migrate to the cathode

47
Q

Heat will increase the rate of decalcification and:

A

o Increase the rate of tissue damage

48
Q

Carnoy solution is recommended for the preservation of:

A

o cytology specimens

49
Q

Bouin solution may be preferred over 10% neutral buffered formalin for:

A

o GI biopsies

50
Q

Which of the following decalcification acids will react with formaldehyde to form a carcinogen?

A

o Hydrochloric

51
Q

For decalcification, a large volume to tissue ratio is typically recommended because:

A

o The acid will deplete as it reacts with calcium in tissue

52
Q

Acetone is typically used for the demonstration of which of the following tissue components?

A

o Enzymes

53
Q

The decalcification of orthodontic specimens can be challenging because:

A

o They contain both mineralized and soft tissues

54
Q

Which of the following solutions is used to transport unfixed tissue?

A

o Michel

55
Q

After decalcification, acid must be removed from the tissue by rinsing in:

A

o Water

56
Q

Which of the following is a negative characteristic of acetone and alcohol fixation?

A

o Tissues are overhardened

57
Q

This fixative is recommended for the Trichrome special stain is:

A

o Bouin

58
Q

H&E sections of liver reveal marked shrinkage and cellular distortion. Which of the following fixatives could cause this?

A

o Alcohol

59
Q

Which of the following decalcifying acids will not destroy morphology even when tissue is left in the solution for up to two (2) weeks?

A

o Formic acid

60
Q

Microscopic examination of an H&E stained section fixed in formalin shows marked nuclear bubbling. One most often sees this artifact if the specimen is processed following:

A

o incomplete fixation

61
Q

Which of the following would prevent bone dust in tissue sections?

A

o Trim the section surface following decalcification and prior to processing

62
Q

The decalcification of orthodontic specimens can be challenging because:

A

o They contain both mineralized and soft tissues

C. Comprehensive Exam (5 decks)

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