(PALM 306) Exam 4 Flashcards
Processing Reagents Clearants Processor, Maintenance and QC Processing protocols, Troubleshooting and Reprocessing
Which of the following is a feature of well-fixed tissue?
o Well stained cytoplasm
o Clear chromatin patterns
o Sharply defined cell membranes
Which of the following fixatives yields higher immunoreactivity than 10% neutral buffered formalin?
o Zinc formalin
The preferred fixative for the demonstration of chromaffin granules and the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma is:
o Orth
Kidney tissue has been submitted in Michel medium for immunofluorescence studies. Before the histotechnologist performs the required studies, the tissue should be:
o washed in PBS containing 10% sucrose
Hollande solution is a modification of which of the following fixatives?
o Bouin solution
Clarke solution is used for the fixation of:
o Frozen sections and smears
You are getting knife lines using a fresh blade when attempting to section bone. This is likely due to:
o Under decalcification
Decalcification with simple acids can be enhanced without negatively effecting the results by all of the following except:
o Heat
Alcoholic formalin could be used for all of the following except:
o Gout specimens
Which of the following is a chelating agent used for decalcification?
EDTA
Which decalcification method uses ammoniated resin covered with formic acid to remove calcium from tissue?
o Ion-exchange
This fixative would be preferred for the preservation of eye specimens
Davidson
Ethanol is useful as a fixative of
o Glycogen
Which of the following formalin solutions is recommended to use for the preservation of phospholipids?
o Calcium formalin
Small calcifications may be removed by which of the following fixative solutions?
Gendre
When Zenker solution is used as a tissue fixative, it will be necessary to remove which of the following from the tissue?
Mercury Pigment
Decalcification is the removal of _______ from tissue for artifact-free paraffin sectioning.
o Calcium minerals
A specimen of kidney must be shipped long distance (> 1 day) to another facility for immunofluorescence studies. The specimen should be placed in:
o Michel solution
Which of the following fixatives would be recommended for the fixation of specimens for immunoflourescence?
Acetone
Chemicals that bind calcium without the aid of acids to remove calcium ions are called:
Chelating agents
To facilitate sectioning, a nail specimen or heavily keratinized skin can be placed in:
o Fabric softener
o Nair/Veet
o 0.5% sodium/potassium hydroxide
Microscopic evaluation of an H&E stained bone marrow shows nuclear and cellular damage. This was most likely caused by:
o over-decalcification
Microscopic evaluation of H&E stained sections from a surgically removed, formalin fixed small bowel specimen shows an absence of much of the epithelium in otherwise normal tissue. This could most likely be prevented in the future by:
o opening the specimen and adding fixative upon receipt
Which method used to determine the end point of decalcification cannot be used with a metal containing fixative?
Radiographic
Acetone is recommended for the primary fixation of:
o Brain tissue for the diagnosis of rabies
Cell shrinkage, cytoplasm disruption or separation can result if there is:
o a delay in fixation
Which decalcification method may cause heat damage to the specimen?
o Electrolytic
Which decalcification method may cause heat damage to the specimen?
o Electrolytic
All of the following are methods for checking decalcification end point EXCEPT:
o Electrolytic
Michel medium is:
o used for transporting unfixed tissue
Primary fixation with aldehydes for electron microscopy requires secondary fixation in:
o osmium tetroxide
Which of the following is an example of a physical method of determining the end point of decalcification?
o Manually bending the specimen
What are the chemical components of Bouin solution?
o Picric acid, formaldehyde, acetic acid
Which of the following fixatives contains chemicals that would remove microcalcifications in tissue?
Hollande Solution
Following fixation with Bouin solution, tissue should be washed with:
o 50% to 70% alcohol
Uric acid crystals are preserved ONLY when tissue is fixed in:
o absolute alcohol
Which of the following fixatives contains mercuric chloride and formaldehyde
B5
Which of the following are the chemical components of Zenker?
o Mercuric chloride, potassium dichromate, acetic acid
A maximum 2-4 hour fixation time is recommended for this fixative when used for EM.
o Osmium tetroxide
Carnoy solution is a combination of which of the following chemicals?
o chloroform, glacial acetic acid, and absolute alcohol
When performing the calcium oxalate test to determine the end point of decalcification, a _________ solution indicates complete decalcification.
o Clear
Microscopic evaluation of H&E stained sections from a surgically removed small bowel specimen shows an absence of much of the epithelium in otherwise normal tissue. This most likely resulted from:
o delayed fixation
Which of the following formalin solutions is recommended for fixation of central nervous system tissues?
o Formalin ammonium bromide
Under-decalcification detected at microtomy can be corrected by:
o Surface decaling
Tissue may be stored up to 2 weeks in this transport solution without affecting immunofluorescence or immunohistochemistry:
PBS
In the electrolytic method of decalcification, the specimen to be decalcified is attached to the anode. The reason for this is that:
o calcium ions will migrate to the cathode
Heat will increase the rate of decalcification and:
o Increase the rate of tissue damage
Carnoy solution is recommended for the preservation of:
o cytology specimens
Bouin solution may be preferred over 10% neutral buffered formalin for:
o GI biopsies
Which of the following decalcification acids will react with formaldehyde to form a carcinogen?
o Hydrochloric
For decalcification, a large volume to tissue ratio is typically recommended because:
o The acid will deplete as it reacts with calcium in tissue
Acetone is typically used for the demonstration of which of the following tissue components?
o Enzymes
The decalcification of orthodontic specimens can be challenging because:
o They contain both mineralized and soft tissues
Which of the following solutions is used to transport unfixed tissue?
o Michel
After decalcification, acid must be removed from the tissue by rinsing in:
o Water
Which of the following is a negative characteristic of acetone and alcohol fixation?
o Tissues are overhardened
This fixative is recommended for the Trichrome special stain is:
o Bouin
H&E sections of liver reveal marked shrinkage and cellular distortion. Which of the following fixatives could cause this?
o Alcohol
Which of the following decalcifying acids will not destroy morphology even when tissue is left in the solution for up to two (2) weeks?
o Formic acid
Microscopic examination of an H&E stained section fixed in formalin shows marked nuclear bubbling. One most often sees this artifact if the specimen is processed following:
o incomplete fixation
Which of the following would prevent bone dust in tissue sections?
o Trim the section surface following decalcification and prior to processing
The decalcification of orthodontic specimens can be challenging because:
o They contain both mineralized and soft tissues
