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C. Comprehensive Exam > (PALM 306) Exam 3 > Flashcards

(PALM 306) Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

A hypertonic solution will cause:

A

o cellular shrinkage

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2
Q

Which of the following is a general function of fixatives?

A

o protect tissue against distortion during subsequent processing

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3
Q
  • This type of fixative will cross-link proteins forming a gel-like network
A

o Non-coagulant

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4
Q
  • Fixatives alter proteins by changing their:
A

o Tertiary structure

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5
Q
  • This term is defined as the change in the tertiary structure of proteins causing the molecule to become inactive and insoluble.
A

o Denaturation

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6
Q
  • Microscopic examination of an H&E stained section of fallopian tube reveals very smudgy nuclei with nuclear bubbling. This is most likely caused by:
A

o Underfixation

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7
Q
  • Buffering formalin to a neutral pH is accomplished by the addition of:
A

o Sodium phosphate, monobasic and dibasic

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8
Q
  • 10% formalin contains what percentage of formaldehyde?
A

o 3.7-4%

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9
Q
  • Select all of the fixatives that would be used for fixation in electron microscopy.
A

o Osmium tetroxide
o Glutaraldehyde
o Paraformaldehyde

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10
Q
  • Which of the following fixatives penetrates slow and oxidizes carbohydrates?
A

o Chromic acid

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11
Q
  • What is the recommended fixative-to-tissue volume ratio?
A

o 15-20 to 1

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12
Q
  • Soluble carbohydrates are _______ during fixation.
A

o Lost

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13
Q
  • Since formaldehyde is a gas, what is the maximum concentration that can be achieved in water?
A

o 37% - 40%

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14
Q
  • A physical method of fixation primarily used for touch preparations and blood smears is:
A

o Desiccation

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15
Q
  • Which of the following best describes cold ischemic time?
A

o The time from removal from the body to placement in fixative

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16
Q
  • Which factor can affect the rate of penetration of fixatives?
A

o Type of fixative
o Heat
o Type of tissue
o Vacuum

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17
Q
  • Match the fixative to it’s action.
A

o Zinc salts : Additive, coagulant
o Acetic acid : Nonadditive, coagulant
o Formaldehyde : Additive, noncoagulant

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18
Q
  • Which of the following formalin solutions is recommended for central nervous system tissues?
A

o Formalin ammonium bromide

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19
Q
  • This fixative is typically used as a replacement for mercury.
A

o Zinc salts

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20
Q
  • Which of the following fixatives should be avoided for the demonstration of Helicobacter pylori?
A

o Glyoxal

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21
Q
  • Additive fixatives:
A

o Chemically react with tissue

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22
Q
  • Copper acetate may be used as a fixative to:
A

o Protect from RBC lysis

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23
Q
  • Laboratory employees must periodically wear a formaldehyde badge to monitor exposure.
A

o True

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24
Q
  • If tissue needs to be held in a solution prior to fixation, which type of solution would be the best choice?
A

o Isotonic

25
Q
  • What happens to tissue that has not been completely fixed and is exposed to alcohol on the processor?
A

o Alcohol will fix the tissue

26
Q
  • Which of the following formalin solutions is used as a dual purpose fixative for light microscopy and electron microscopy?
A

o Modified Millonig formalin

27
Q
  • This chemical is added to formaldehyde to prevent polymerization to paraformaldehyde .
A

o Methanol

28
Q
  • Mercuric chloride has been historically used as a fixative despite it’s hazards due to:
A

o Preservation of exceptional nuclear detail

29
Q
  • It is necessary to add buffer salts to formalin solutions to prevent:
A

o the formation of formalin pigment

30
Q
  • For optimal fixation and processing, tissue thickness at grossing should be:
A

o 3-4 mm

31
Q
  • What is the acceptable temperature range when using heat for fixation?
A

o 45°C - 68°C

32
Q
  • The recommended pH of fixative solutions used for electron microscopy is:
A

o 7.2 - 7.4

33
Q
  • How does formaldehyde react with insoluble carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids?
A

o Traps them in cross-linked proteins

34
Q
  • One disadvantage of using formalin for fixation is that it will:
A

o Mask protein antigens for immunohistochemical staining

35
Q
  • Which of the following is the most common routine fixative?
A

o 10% neutral buffered formalin

36
Q
  • Which of the following can be used as both a fixative and a stain?
A

o Picric acid

37
Q
  • Microwave fixation is an example of what type of fixation?
A

o Physical

38
Q
  • Fixatives which remove molecularly bound water molecules from tissue proteins are categorized as:
A

o Nonadditive

39
Q
  • Which of the following may be used as a formaldehyde replacement?
A

o Glyoxal

40
Q
  • This fixative preserves up to 93% of lipids staining them black.
A

o Osmium tetroxide

41
Q
  • Formaldehyde is a poor fixative of:
A

o nucleic acids

42
Q
  • Which of the following is true of picric acid?
A

o Dissolves small calcifications

43
Q
  • Zinc salt precipitation can occur due to exposure to:
A

o Heat, pressure and vacuum on the processor
o Carbonates in tap water
o Phosphates in buffered formalin

44
Q
  • Which of the following tissue types would be most susceptible to autolysis?
A

o Small intestine

45
Q
  • Coagulant fixatives:
A

o Denature proteins forming a mesh-like permeable network

46
Q
  • Which of the following formalin solutions is recommended for the preservation of phospholipids?
A

o Calcium formalin

47
Q
  • When tissue is fixed with a second fixative, this is called:
A

o post-fixation

48
Q
  • A spleen specimen is fixed in 10% NBF for a prolonged period of time. A black to dark brown pigment is observed microscopically in the tissue. This was most likely caused by:
A

o the solution becoming acidic over time

49
Q
  • In which of the following circumstances would fixation be detrimental or contraindicated?
A

o Immunoflourescence

50
Q
  • A small amount of white precipitate is observed in the bottom of a 37% formaldehyde container. This precipitation could have been prevented by adding:
A

o Methanol

51
Q
  • Acid hematin, or formalin pigment, in tissue is caused by:
A

o acidic formalin, pH 5.5-6 or less

52
Q
  • Enzymatic destruction of tissue is called:
A

o Autolysis

53
Q
  • Which of the following fixatives will lyse RBCs?
A

o Acetic acid

54
Q
  • The chromate fixation pigment can be partially removed by treating with:
A

o Acidic alcohol

55
Q
  • Which is true of formaldehyde?
A

o penetrates quickly, cross-links slowly

56
Q
  • A delay in fixation should be no longer than:
A

o 30 minutes

57
Q
  • Which of the following fixation pigments cannot be prevented, but can be removed?
A

o Mercury

58
Q
  • Formalin pigment can be removed from tissue sections by treating with:
A

o alkaline alcohol

C. Comprehensive Exam (5 decks)

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