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C. Comprehensive Exam > (PALM 306) Exam 2 > Flashcards

(PALM 306) Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following are effective ergonomic methods to reduce or prevent MSDs during embedding?

 

A

Change hands frequently
Use ergonomic forceps
Use a magnifying glass

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2
Q

Which of the following is a water soluble wax?

A

Carbowax

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3
Q

Which of the following could be a cause of dark, hazy nuclei and cell shrinkage staining effects?

A

Overprocessing

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4
Q

Which of the following best describes how dehydration is accomplished during routine processing?

A

Water is removed by gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol

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5
Q

Tissues processed on the schedule above are overhardened. What improvement can be made to this schedule to help alleviate this problem?

A

Remove vacuum from the stations

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6
Q

Prolonged periods of time in clearing agents will:

A

harden tissue

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7
Q

Bone should be embedded:

A

at an angle

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8
Q

Which is true of xylene, but not xylene substitutes?

A

There are no restrictions on mounting media

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9
Q

Rapid solidifying of paraffin at embedding is important to:

A

ensure the smallest crystal size

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10
Q

As the melting point increases, the paraffin becomes:

A

Harder

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11
Q

During embedding, the tissue appears soft and mushy. In order to remove the paraffin from the tissue for reprocessing, which reagent would the tissue be placed in?

A

Xylene

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12
Q

With tissue that has not been embedded on the same plane, what would be the best course of action?

A

Melt down and re-embed

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13
Q

From the following list, which one must be miscible with alcohol and paraffin?

A

Clearant

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14
Q

It is observed during embedding that tissues seem to be very hard and brittle. Which of the following could be an explanation?

A

Paraffin is too hot

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15
Q

Tertiary butanol may be used in histology tissue processing as a/n:

A

universal solvent

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16
Q

Which of the following clearants is a xylene substitute?

A

Alkane

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17
Q

The schedule above would be best suited for processing which type of tissue?

A

Surgical resections

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18
Q

The paraffin temperature and warm areas on an embedding center should be set how many degrees above the melting point of the paraffin being used?

A

2-4ºC

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19
Q

Plastics or polymers are added to paraffin to:

A

Increase hardness

20
Q

Noticeable cassette marks are present in some tissues at embedding. Which is the most likely cause?

A

Tissue was grossed too thick

21
Q

Which dehydrant is typically used for microwave processing?

A

Isopropanol

22
Q

How many degrees above the paraffin melting point should paraffin in the tissue processor be heated?

A

2 - 4ºC

23
Q

Which of the following is considered to be the best dehydrant?

A

Ethanol

24
Q

Which of the following xylene substitutes cannot be used on automated coverslippers?

A

Aliphatic hydrocarbons

25
Q

Which of the following clearing reagents does not overharden tissue, has a high tolerance for water contamination and is very expensive?

A

Toluene

26
Q

Which of the following tissue types is most susceptible to damage when pressing firmly to ensure proper embedding?

A

Brain

27
Q

Adjustments to the number of processing stations and times are likely necessary when switching to xylene substitutes.

A

True

28
Q

Which of the following methods for cleaning embedding molds is not recommended?

A

Using the cleaning cylce of the processor

29
Q

Which of the following are universal solvents?

A

Dioxane and tetrahydrofuran

30
Q

Which of the following are potential causes of tissue damage at embedding?

A

Overheated surfaces
Overheated paraffin
Applying too much pressure

31
Q

To obtain a section of small intestine showing all layers, the tissue must be embedded:

A

on edge

32
Q

Which of the following is a method used to indicate orientation at embedding?

A

Inking the tissue

33
Q

Place the steps for tissue processing in the proper order.

A

Dehydration
Clearing
Infiltration

34
Q

Dehydrating tissues in graded alcohols (gradually increasing concentration), as compared to placing tissue directly into absolute alcohol, will:

A

cause less distortion of tissue

35
Q

Which of the following chemicals is not a dehydrant?

A

Chloroform

36
Q

The best embedding media for undecalcified bone is:

A

Methacrylate

37
Q

Microchatter is an artifact that can be caused by:

A

Overprocessing

38
Q

From the following, choose a method used to prevent cross contamination when embedding tissue.

A

Wipe forceps between specimens

39
Q

Tubular structures should be embedded:

A

on end

40
Q

A piece of gallbladder is incorrectly oriented at embedding so that only the mucosa layer is seen when microscopically reviewing the stained slide. Which would be the best correction?

A

Melt down the block and re-embed

41
Q

Which of the following infiltrating media is routinely used for electron microscopy?

A

Epoxy resin

42
Q

Upon microscopic evaluation, the staining appears patchy or washed out on all of the tissues processed on the same schedule at the same time. What could be an explanation for this?

A

Tissues were underprocessed

43
Q

The processing schedule above would be best used for:

A

Biopsies

44
Q

Which infiltration media would be used for dense, hard tissues?

A

Celloidin

45
Q

Multiple skin sections must be embedded with the skin surface facing:

A

The same direction

46
Q

To prevent tissue loss during embedding, it is important to:

A

Open each cassette carefully and check the lid

47
Q

Which of the following reagents would be the best dehydration substitute for ethanol to avoid federal regulations?

A

Reagent alcohol

C. Comprehensive Exam (5 decks)

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