Pain, injury, disease Flashcards
five freedoms regarding pain
freedom of pain, injury, and disease by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment
what would cause an occurrence of pain in domestic animals
-accidental injury
-husbandry practices
-surgical procedures
-disease
pain
-an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
-first person
-very subjective
nociception
is the neural mechanism that results in pain (third person- can be observed)
process of nociception
-same process in animals & humans
-reception (activation of pain receptors A and C nerve fibres)
-transmission (along spinal cord to sensory cortex & to reflexive motor neurons
-perception (within CNS)
-response (acute pain) withdraw, vocalization, orient
pain (‘nociception’) causes
thermal, mechanical, chemical, sickness
types of pain (‘nociception’)
-deep pain (inbones, joints, tendons)
-visceral pain (soft tissue)
-cutaneous pain (superficial)
-acute or chronic
how do you assess pain in humans
self-report
how do you assess pain in animals
-measure behaviour:
~acute response: withdrawal, vocalization, and orientation
~chronic response: immobility, posture, and isolation (sickness behaviour)
-measure response to analgesics, anesthetics (give pain killers and see if there’s a change)
-measure physiology- cortisol, prostaglandins
-force plate (weight-bearing, lameness asses)
-grimace scale (very subjective)
why do prey especially hide behaviours of being in pain
try not to show it because it makes them more susceptible to pray
pain treatment
-anaesthesia/anaesthetics
-analgesia/analgesics
-sedative
anaesthesia/anaesthetics
-loss of sensation/feeling
-local: specific area, e.g. lidocaine
-general: induction/excitement/general anesthesia
analgesia/analgesics
-loss of pain
-opioids: endorphins (endogeneous morphine-like compounds)
-NSAIDs: analgesic, anti-pyretic, and anti-inflammatory effect
-e.g. meloxicam, ketoprofen, asprin
sedative pain control
-reduced responsiveness- e.g., ketamine, azaperone (stresnil)
painful procedures in livestock
-cattle: dehorning, castration, branding, tail docking
-pigs: castration, teeth-clipping, tail-docking, ear notching
-sheep: castration, tail docking, ear notching
-sheep: castration, tail docking
-poultry: claw trimming/removal, debbing
-deer: antler removal
why process cattle
-processing= castration & dehorning
-prices for updressed (green) calves are much less
-animals are safer, easier to handle
-younger animals are easier to process and suffer fewer setbacks
-but entire males grow better
what is more painful disbudding or dehorning
dehorning
disbudding in calves
-horn buds removed ar 4-8 weeks
-3 methods: electrical or butane iron, caustic paste, or gouging
-pain response (all methods): behavioural changes and elevated cortisol levels for ~4 hours
-gouging has a more rapid cortisol response than electric iron
-local anaesthetic block: recommended for surgical pain, then post op analgesia
de horning in cattle
-dehorning of mature animals affects weight gain
-dehorning on entrance to feedlot reduced performance by 300 g/d for first two weeks
-effects on growth was significant over the 106-day feedlot period
dehorning in beef cattle code requirements
-competent personnel
-disbud early (2-3 months)
-use of pain control required after horn bud attachment
dehorning of beef cattle recommendations
-do not process calves at weaning time
-select/breed for polled trait
castration in cattle
-physical (surgical, burdizzo, elastorator, banding)
-chemical and hormonal methods
-younger age is easier for producers and animals
-surgical castration induces higher cortisol response than elastorator or burdizzo
castration in beef vs dairy cattle
-beef: use pain control when castrating bulls older than 6 months
-dairy: pain control required at all ages
reason for castration in pigs
-main reason is boar taint (unpleasant smell and taste)
-meat form boars can contain elevated levels of skatole and anderostenone
-secondary reason- reduce mounting and aggressive behaviour
how are pigs castrated and code requirements
-surgical and immuno chemical
-improvement (anti-GnRH vaccine)
-surgical_ 2-7 days
-young animals recover quicker
-code requirements:
-local anesthetic and analgesic~ required for pigs over 10 days of age
-casturation performed at any age must be done with analgesics
beak treatment in hens
-mechanical methods (hot blade): dramatic reductions in eating, preening immediately after trimming when performed at later ages
-infrared beak treatment: significant reduction in pain responces
lamness
-significant welfare issue
-reduced performance in broilers (improved through genetic selection)
-major reason for production losses and culling in dairy cattle and cows
-reduced welfare due to chronic pain
lameness assessment
-subjective and objective measures:
-gait scoring:
~subjective measure (observer ranking)
~developed for poultry, pigs, and cattle
~typically a 0-5 scale 0=no sign, 5=cant walk
-accelerometers, kinematics, force plate
~objective measurements: device recording
automation of lameness assessment
-vision learning
-pressure mats
lameness and self medication
-lame and non-lame broilers were given feeds with and with out analgesics
-lame birds preferred the drug-treated feed
-gait scores improved, performance increased
-conclusion:
-bird pain is present
-bird cognition: associated feed with pain=self medication
reducing lameness
-can be reduced by: genetic selection, flooring/bedding, exercise and nutrition
-is a major welfare issue: focus of much research in poultry, cattle and pigs
-e.g. rubber mats, hoof care, pain control
euthanasia
-greek: Eu=good + thanathos=death
-important in welfare
-choose method based on: human safety, animal welfare, practicality, animal age and location
-gunshot or captive bolt gun
-blunt force trauma (manual or device)
-anesthetic overdose (vet oversite)
-immediate conformation of death
-follow up if needed (e.g. bleeding or pithing)
euthanasia oversight
-research and CCAC: euthanasia plan (human intervention point) required for all research protocols
-packing plants and AMA audits:
~effective stunning (immediate insensibility and death, zero returns to sensibility)
-special circumstances CFIA: e.g. disease outbreaks- mass euthanasia
