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PCC > Pain (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Pain (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is pain?

A

unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that can have destructive effects and can warn of potential injury

MULTIDIMENSIONAL EXPERIENCE

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2
Q

What are the 6 origins of pain classification?

A
  1. cutaneous/superficial
  2. deep somatic
  3. visceral
  4. radiating/referred
  5. phantom
  6. psychogenic
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3
Q

What are the 2 causes of pain classification?

A
  1. nociceptive
  2. neuropathic
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4
Q

What are the 3 duration classifications of pain?

A
  1. acute
  2. chronic
  3. intractable
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5
Q

What are the 3 descriptions of classifications of pain?

A
  1. quality
  2. periodicity
  3. intensity
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6
Q

What is transduction?

A

activation of nociceptors by stimuli

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7
Q

What is transmission?

A

conduction of pain message to spinal cord

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8
Q

What is pain perception?

A

recognizing and defining pain in cortex

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9
Q

What is pain modulation?

A

changing pain perception

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10
Q

What are 6 factors that influence pain?

A
  1. emotions
  2. past experience with pain
  3. developmental stage
  4. sociocultural factors
  5. communication skills
  6. cognitive impairments
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11
Q

Name 6 body systems that are impacted by unrelieved pain

A
  1. endocrine
  2. cardiovascular
  3. musculoskeletal
  4. respiratory
  5. genitourinary
  6. gastrointestinal
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12
Q

Assessing pain includes…

A
  1. obtaining a complete health history (OLDCARTS)
  2. nonverbal signs of pain
  3. pain scales
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13
Q

What are some examples of nonverbal signs of pain?

A

elevated pulse/BP
crying, moaning
grimacing
facial expressions, posture, body position (guarding)
vital signs changes
behavioral manifestations
pain as an expression of weakness
assess for depression

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14
Q

Name 4 pain scales

A
  1. visual analog scale (VAS) point to a place on a line
  2. numeric rating scale (NRS) 0-10
  3. simple descriptor scale
  4. Wong-Baker faces scale for those who cannot read or communicate, but can be used for anybody
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15
Q

Name examples of cutaneous stimulation for pain management

A
  1. transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) electrode pads and connecting wire, stimulator
  2. percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS)
  3. spinal cord stimulator (SCS)
  4. acupuncture
  5. acupressure
  6. massage
  7. use of heat and cold 15 min. MAX
  8. contralateral stimulation
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16
Q

What are 4 examples of nonpharmacological measures for pain management?

A
  1. cutaneous stimulation
  2. oral sucrose
  3. immobilization
  4. cognitive-behavioral interventions
17
Q

Name 3 pharmacological measures for pain management

A
  1. nonopioid analgesics (NSAIDs, acetaminophen)
  2. adjuvant analgesics
  3. opioid analgesics (IV, transdermal, epidural forms; client controlled analgesia pump)
18
Q

Name 4 chemical pain relief measures

A
  1. nerve blocks
  2. epidural injections
  3. local anesthesia
  4. topical anesthesia
19
Q

Radiofrequency and Surgery

A

radiofrequency ablation
surgery (cordotomy, rhizotomy, neurectomy, sympathectomy)

20
Q

Special nursing considerations

A

managing pain in the elderly
managing pain in clients with addictions
use of placebos

21
Q

Pain is…

A

WHATEVER THAT PT SAYS IT IS AND WHENEVER THEY SAY THEY HAVE PAIN

22
Q

Normal vital signs do NOT mean that..

A

patient is NOT in pain

23
Q

How does CBT work?

A

decreasing anxiety and depression

24
Q

What are some examples of CBT distractors?

A

visual TV
tactile massage, exercise, therapy
intellectual reading, puzzles, coloring
olfactory essential oils, aromatherapy (peppermint and lavender)
guided imagery directed words and music

25
Q

What do NSAIDs stand for?

A

Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs

26
Q

How do NSAIDs work?

A

blocking prostaglandins BUT main side effect is GI bleed

27
Q

Acetaminophen

A

safest EXCEPT for patients with history of liver disease

MAX amount per day is 4000mg (8 extra strength tabs)

ADJUVENT WITH OPIOID

28
Q

Acetaminophen: Adjuvent to opioids

A

makes the opioid work better while also decreasing dose of opioid

ANTICONVULSANTS, ANTIDEPRESSANTS, MUSCLE RELAXANTS

29
Q

Opioids

A

narcotics
controversy with addiction remember WITHDRAWAL, DEPENDANCE, TOLERANCE

30
Q

Describe the unique problem of tolerance to a drug

A

body adjusting to drug, more drug may be required

31
Q

Common side effects and interventions of opioids

A

constipation MORE H2O AND FIBER, AMBULATE, EDUCATE
respiratory depression COUNT RR BEFORE ADMINISTERING, HOLD IT TOO LOW
nausea and vomiting GIVE ANTIEMETIC MEDS IF PROVIDER ORDERED
HYPERTENSION
SEDATION
URINARY RETENTION

32
Q

Nursing problem with pain

A

acute or chronic?

33
Q

Nursing interventions for pain

A

patient comfort
patient safety avoid adverse effects
resolve the conflict of pain

34
Q

T/F: Changes in vital signs only last a short time

A

T!

35
Q

T/F: Pupils may dilate in response to pain

A

F (they constrict!)

PCC (14 decks)

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