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Cogs101A > Pain > Flashcards

Pain Flashcards

1
Q

Skin uses pain as a ________ _________ system.

A

Threat detection

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2
Q

Pain is a ___________ phenomenon.

A

Multimodal

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3
Q

Pain contains 2 components, what are they?

A
  1. Sensory component

2. Affective/emotional/cognitive component

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4
Q

What is the phenomenon in which an individual does not experience pain?

A

Congenital Insensitivity to Pain (CIP)

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5
Q

What is the phenomenon in which an individual is too sensitive to common sensations?

A

Sensory Processing Disorder

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6
Q

What is happening in the body/brain in CIP?

A

The individual lacks a protein causing the pain receptors to not activate normally.

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7
Q

What is nociceptive pain?

A

A signal of impending damage to the skin

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8
Q

What to nocicpetive receptors respond to?

A

Heat, chemicals, severe pressure, and cold.

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9
Q

What kind of response do nociceptive receptors trigger?

A

A protective withdrawal response

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10
Q

___________ pain is cuased by damage or irritation within tissues and joints.

A

Inflammatory

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11
Q

The immune response (a cold) lowers the threshold for pain, making nociceptors more responsive. This is called…?

A

Hyperalgesia

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12
Q

Tumor cells release toxins in the tissues, causing an immune response. This is an example of what kind of pain?

A

Inflammatory

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13
Q

_________ pain is caused by damage to the central nervous system.

A

Neuropathic

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14
Q

Brain damage caused by a stroke is an example of _________ pain.

A

Neuropathic

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15
Q

Repetitive movements causing damage to the CNS (example: carpal tunnel) is an example of _________ pain.

A

Neuropathic

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16
Q

What is the fourth (nontraditional) kind of pain?

A

Social pain/ psychological / mental pain

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17
Q

The _______ __________ model of pain suggested that pain is a signals that elicits a withdrawal response.

A

Direct pathway model

18
Q

A problem with the direct pathway model is that pain can be affected by 2 factors:
1.
2.

A
  1. Mental/emotional state

2. Attention

19
Q

A problem with the direct pathway model is that pain can occur even when…?

A

There is no stimulation of the skin

20
Q

Gate controld model: the gate consists of __________ _______ in the spinal cord.

A

Gelatinosa cells

21
Q

Gate control model: input comes from 3 places, name them.

A
  1. Large diameter fibers
  2. Small diameter fibers
  3. Central control
22
Q

Gate control model:

What are L fibers?

A

Large diameter fibers: information from tactile stimuli

23
Q

Gate control model: What are S fibers?

A

Small diameter fibers: information from nociceptors

24
Q

Gate control model: What is the central control?

A

cognitive factors (from the cortex) such as mood /attention

25
Q

Gate control model: SG- _______ while SG+ _______ the gate.

A

SG- closes; SG+ opens

26
Q

Gate control model: Gate outpit is ________ ______ activity.

A

Transmission cell (t-cell)

27
Q

Gate control model: Pain decreases when the gate is closed by SG- by ________ or _______.

A

Central control or L-fibers.

28
Q

Gate control model: Pain increases when stimulation of ________ activates SG+ to open the gate.

A

S-fibers

29
Q

Gate control model: Which is faster, L-fibers or S-fibers?

A

L-fibers, because S-fibers/nociceptors are smaller and therefore not as fast.

30
Q

Gate control model: What 3 things does central control account for?

A
  1. expectation
  2. Shifting attention
  3. content of emotional distraction
31
Q

The subcortical areas of the pain matrix are:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Amygdala
  3. Thalamus
    (HAT)
32
Q 
The cortical areas of the pain matrix are:
1.
2. 
3.
4.
A
  1. Somatosensory areas: S1 and S2
  2. Insula
  3. Anterior cingulate
  4. Prefrontal cortices
33
Q

The pituitary gland and hypothalamus release neurotransmitters called _______________.

A

Endorphins

34
Q

Endorphins activate __________ _________ and reduce pain.

A

Opiate receptors

35
Q

____________ blocks receptors sites (increasing pain) and also decreases the effectiveness of placebos.

A

Naloxone

36
Q

People whose brains release more _________ can withstand higher pain levels.

A

Endorphins

37
Q

The phantom limb phenomena is resistant to _______________.

A

top-down cognitive control (central control)

38
Q

There are two aspects to phantom limb:
1.
2.

A
  1. sensory

2. motor

39
Q

Feeling sensations from the phantom limb is the ________ aspect of phantom limb.

A

Sensory

40
Q

Feeling pain or the phantom limb move is part of the ________ aspect of phantom limb.

A

Motor

41
Q

Seeing the phantom “move” in a mirror updates the __________ and _________ maps in the parietal cortex.

A

Kinesthetic and proprioceptive

Cogs101A (5 decks)

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