Pain Flashcards
Skin uses pain as a ________ _________ system.
Threat detection
Pain is a ___________ phenomenon.
Multimodal
Pain contains 2 components, what are they?
- Sensory component
2. Affective/emotional/cognitive component
What is the phenomenon in which an individual does not experience pain?
Congenital Insensitivity to Pain (CIP)
What is the phenomenon in which an individual is too sensitive to common sensations?
Sensory Processing Disorder
What is happening in the body/brain in CIP?
The individual lacks a protein causing the pain receptors to not activate normally.
What is nociceptive pain?
A signal of impending damage to the skin
What to nocicpetive receptors respond to?
Heat, chemicals, severe pressure, and cold.
What kind of response do nociceptive receptors trigger?
A protective withdrawal response
___________ pain is cuased by damage or irritation within tissues and joints.
Inflammatory
The immune response (a cold) lowers the threshold for pain, making nociceptors more responsive. This is called…?
Hyperalgesia
Tumor cells release toxins in the tissues, causing an immune response. This is an example of what kind of pain?
Inflammatory
_________ pain is caused by damage to the central nervous system.
Neuropathic
Brain damage caused by a stroke is an example of _________ pain.
Neuropathic
Repetitive movements causing damage to the CNS (example: carpal tunnel) is an example of _________ pain.
Neuropathic
What is the fourth (nontraditional) kind of pain?
Social pain/ psychological / mental pain
The _______ __________ model of pain suggested that pain is a signals that elicits a withdrawal response.
Direct pathway model
A problem with the direct pathway model is that pain can be affected by 2 factors:
1.
2.
- Mental/emotional state
2. Attention
A problem with the direct pathway model is that pain can occur even when…?
There is no stimulation of the skin
Gate controld model: the gate consists of __________ _______ in the spinal cord.
Gelatinosa cells
Gate control model: input comes from 3 places, name them.
- Large diameter fibers
- Small diameter fibers
- Central control
Gate control model:
What are L fibers?
Large diameter fibers: information from tactile stimuli
Gate control model: What are S fibers?
Small diameter fibers: information from nociceptors
Gate control model: What is the central control?
cognitive factors (from the cortex) such as mood /attention
Gate control model: SG- _______ while SG+ _______ the gate.
SG- closes; SG+ opens
Gate control model: Gate outpit is ________ ______ activity.
Transmission cell (t-cell)
Gate control model: Pain decreases when the gate is closed by SG- by ________ or _______.
Central control or L-fibers.
Gate control model: Pain increases when stimulation of ________ activates SG+ to open the gate.
S-fibers
Gate control model: Which is faster, L-fibers or S-fibers?
L-fibers, because S-fibers/nociceptors are smaller and therefore not as fast.
Gate control model: What 3 things does central control account for?
- expectation
- Shifting attention
- content of emotional distraction
The subcortical areas of the pain matrix are:
1.
2.
3.
- Hypothalamus
- Amygdala
- Thalamus
(HAT)
The cortical areas of the pain matrix are: 1. 2. 3. 4.
- Somatosensory areas: S1 and S2
- Insula
- Anterior cingulate
- Prefrontal cortices
The pituitary gland and hypothalamus release neurotransmitters called _______________.
Endorphins
Endorphins activate __________ _________ and reduce pain.
Opiate receptors
____________ blocks receptors sites (increasing pain) and also decreases the effectiveness of placebos.
Naloxone
People whose brains release more _________ can withstand higher pain levels.
Endorphins
The phantom limb phenomena is resistant to _______________.
top-down cognitive control (central control)
There are two aspects to phantom limb:
1.
2.
- sensory
2. motor
Feeling sensations from the phantom limb is the ________ aspect of phantom limb.
Sensory
Feeling pain or the phantom limb move is part of the ________ aspect of phantom limb.
Motor
Seeing the phantom “move” in a mirror updates the __________ and _________ maps in the parietal cortex.
Kinesthetic and proprioceptive
