Audition Flashcards
In the how/when signal frequency, the __________ of _________ respond to…?
The rate or pattern of firing of nerve impulses respond to specific frequencies.
In the which/where signaling frequency, ___________ ___________ of _________ respond to…?
Specific groups of hair cells on the basilar membrane respond to particular frequencies.
In Place Theory, low frequencies activate toward the __________.
Apex
In Place Theory, high frequencies activate toward the ___________.
Base
In Place Theory, a complex sound, the vibration/peak will correspond to ____________ __________.
Each harmonic. Or there will be a peak for every frequency.
Outer hair cells are also called what?
Cochlear amplifier
Explain Cochlear Amplifier.
Outer hair cells that respond by tilting or changing their length. (Like neurotransmitters, their shape changes=so does their function)
Cochlear amplifier:
- The sound wave _______________________.
- The cilia deflects and the outer hair cells ____________.
- The ______________ ___________ lowers and pivots the inner hair cells upward.
- Lifts basilar membrane
- Contract
- Reticular lamina
Phase locking is a type of ______________ coding.
Temporal
Selectively destroying outer hair cells (AKA ________ __________) shows we can sees a decrease in the firing rate of the inner hair cell at its….?
chemical ablationg, Characteristic frequency
In phase locking, do cells activate on every peak? Do they respond to specific peaks?
No. Cells do not need to activate on each peak and different cells respond to different peaks.
Place coding is effective for what range of frequencies?
The entire frequency
Temporal coding is good for what range of frequencies?
4-5 kHz
Damage to the tympanic membrane or ossicles is _______________ hearing loss.
Conductive
Why might presbycusis affect males more than females?
Historically, males are in more places that involve loud noises (war, factories, etc.), and loud noises = earring loss.
What is the tone that only teenagers can hear called?
Mosquito MK4
Noise induced hearing loss is usually from damage to the…?
Organ of Corti
What is tinnitus? What are the 2 types?
Perception of ringing sound in the ears.
2 types: objective and subjective.
What is objective tinnitus?
An actual sound produced in the ear by muscle spasms, otoacoustic emissions, or vascular problems
What is subjective tinnitus?
Perceived sound (think sound is there).
Which kind of tinnitus is most common with noise induced hearing loss?
Subjective
Objective tinnitus is classified under what kind of hearing loss?
Conductive
Subjective tinnitus is consistent with what kind of hearing loss?
Sensorineural and conductive
Auditory nerve fibers synapse in what subcortical structures?
Hint: CoNuc SON-IC MG
Cochlear nucleus -> superior olivary nucleus -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus
Where is the medial geniculate nucleus located?
The thalamus
The Primary Auditory Cortex has a ___________ organization. This matches the structure of what other piece of audition?
Tonotopic. Matches the cochlea.
The first cortical region to receive auditory info is the…?
Cochlear nucleus
In A1, the ___________ respond to lower frequencies, corresponding to the ____________ of the cochlea.
Left/0.5
apex of cochlea
In A1, the ____________ responds to higher frequencies, corresponding to the ____________ of the cochlea.
Right/16
Base of cochlea
Where are tonotopic maps found?
In A1, the core area.
Damage to the auditory cortex shows difficulties in perceiving….?
Pitch
The belt and para belt respond to…?
Complex stimuli (like voices)
What are pitch neurons?
Cells outside of A1 that respond to complex tones with the same fundamental frequency
Can tonotopy change over time? What is another word for this?
Yes. Experience dependent plasticity.
The ventral/what stream starts in the __________ portion of the core and belt and extends to the __________________.
Anterior portion, extends to the prefrontal cortex
The dorsal/where stream starts in the ____________ portion of the core and belt and extends to the ___________ and ____________ cortices.
Posterior portion, extends to parietal and prefrontal cortices.
fMRI evidence shows that pitch recognition is done by the ____________ stream, and is associated with greater activation in the ___________ region.
What/ventral stream, activation in the central regions
fMRI evidence shows that auditory location detection happens in the _________ stream, and is associated with activation in the __________ areas.
Where/dorsal stream, with greater activation in the dorsal areas
A patient with temporal lobe damage (what pathway) would have trouble with….?
Recognizing sounds/putting a name to them
Or recognizing if a pitch went up or down
A patient with parietal lobe damage (where pathway) would have trouble with…?
Localizing a sound
Or spatial auditory processing
Both the ventral and dorsal systems start where?
The core
The experiment where they cooled different areas of a cats brain and it impaired the corresponding functions, was a good example of what?
Double-dissociation
Does auditory scene analysis happen in the cochlea? Why or why not?
No, because simultaneous sounds are together in the pattern of vibrations on the basilar membrane
The auditory principle of location is similar to what visual principle?
Common fate
The auditory principle of similarity of timbre and pitch is similar to what visual principle?
Similarity
The auditory principle of proximity in time is similar to what visual principle?
Proximity
The auditory principle of auditory continuity is similar to which visual principle?
Good continuation
The auditory principle effect of past experience is similar to what visual principle?
Familiarity
Which auditory grouping principle is good for identifying different instruments in a song?
Similarity of timbre and pitch
In sounds: greater proximity leads to…?
Stream segregation
The similarity of pitch and timbre groups notes at __________ speeds.
High speeds
The experiment of the song “Three Blind Mice,” in which one version was normal and one was altered, most subjects could identify the altered version only after the first one was played. What is this an example of? What are they using to recognize the altered version?
Example of Effect of past experience
Use melody scheme to recognize it
What is auditory space?
The space that surrounds an observer and where sound is present
What are the 3 dimensions of auditory space?
Azimuth, elevation, and distance
Define azimuth.
Position left to right
Define elevation
Position up and down
On average, do people localize sounds better when heard from the…
a. front
b. sides
c. behind
a. front
Name the 2 auditory localization cues.
Binaural and monaural.
Binaural localization cue has 2 subcues:
- _________
- ________
- interaural time difference
2. interaural level difference
What is the head-related transfer function? Under what spectral cue does this fall?
Falls under the monaural spectral cue.
It is the affect that each head has a differently shaped pinna and therefore hear frequencies with different intensities. (different spectrums)
What is ITD? (and define)
Interaural time difference: difference between the times at which sounds reach two ears.
Is ITD better for low or high frequencies?
Low frequencies (<800 Hz)
What is ILD? (and define)
Interaural level difference: difference in sound pressure level reaching two ears
Is ILD better for low or high frequencies? Why?
High frequencies (>800 Hz) because it might be using temporal coding & phase locking (and phase coding is easier for low frequencies)
What is an acoustic shadow?
Amplification is blocked from the far ear because of a shadow created by the head.
What kind of frequencies does the acoustic shadow clock?
High-frequency pressure waves
ILD is largest at locations _________________?
Farther to the side
ITD and ILD are good at providing location cues along the __________ plane.
Azimuth (side)
Binaural localization cues are good for the ___________ plane.
Azimuth
Monaural localization cues are good for the ____________ plane.
Elevation
Auditory localization cues (Binaural and Monaural) are mainly used for __________.
Orienting
________ tuned ITD neurons are a form of _________ coding.
Narrowly = specificity/sparse
_______ tuned ITD neurons are a form of ________ coding.
Broadly = distributed/broadly
When do coincidence detectors fire?
Only when signals from both ears fire simultaneously. It is sensitive to the difference in time sound reaches one ear vs. the other.
If a signal reaches ITD at the same time (simultaneously from both ears) then the coincidence detector says the signal came from…?
The front
Neurons in the ___________ and _____________ respond to a narrow range of interaural time differences.
Inferior colliculus and superior olivary nuclei
Auditory localization is indicated by the ratio of two types of ITD neurons. Name the neurons.
Left sensitive and right sensitive
What area of the brain is used to help represent space in human echolocation?
V1
