Olfaction Flashcards
Which triggers a more emotional response, smell or visual images?
Smell
The tendency to remember more information when cued by odor (compared to visual cues) is called the…?
Proust Effect
Are humans macrosomatic or microsomatic?
Microsomatic
Having a keen sense of smell and being good at object odor identification is called ___________.
Macrosomatic
Being less good at smell, because it is less crucial to survival is called _________.
Microsomatic
Some animals have a ___________ _______ used in the detection of pheromones.
Vomeronasal organ
The phenomenon of pheromones changing womens menstrual cycles (to synchrony with the women around them) is called the ___________ ________.
McClintock effect
Babies prefer odors from their _________ _______ at birth. (What may this help with?)
Lactating mothers = helps initiate nursing
Women prefer the scent of men who have greater _______ _______ ______.
Body bilateral symmetry
Men and women prefer the odors of potential mates who have _____ ________ ____ patterns unlike their own. (What does this mean?)
Major histocompatibility complex: immune system patterns unlike their own
What are the two measures of detection threshold?
- Yes/no procedure
2. Forced-choice
When participants are given trials with odors along with blank trials, this is called the _________________?
Yes/no procedure
The yes/no procedure is usually with the method of _______ _______.
Constant stimuli
When two trials are provided, one with the odorant and one without; and the participant indicates which smells strongest, this is the _______________ method.
Forced-choice
Which is more reliable, the yes/no procedure or the forced-choice?
Forced-choice
What is the main problem with the yes/no procedure?
Bias
Detection of a smell varies by _______ _______, which means that some require larger concentrations in order to be detected.
source molecule
What is the factor that makes dogs/other animals more sensitive to smell than humans? (hint: sensitivity to receptors or number of receptors?)
The number of receptors. Dogs have more receptors.
How man receptors do humans have?
~10 million
Some sharks use ______ _____ _______ in a scent plume reaching the nostrils to orient toward scents.
Bilateral time differences
The concentration of a molecule needed to determine the quality of an odorant is called _________ ________.
Recognition threshold
Bilateral time differences may be related to __________ in audtion.
ITD
No odor model because:
1. There is no _________ _______ for odor quality.
specific language
No odor model because:
2. Some molecules….
Some molecules with similar structures smell different, and some that have different structures smell the same
No odor model because:
3. There is a lot of __________ (?%) between olfactory receptors in people.
variability: ~30%
The _______ _________ has different patterns of activity suggesting a categorical perception of odors.
Olfactory bulb
Ratings of pleasantness could be predicted by the _________ _____________ of the oderant molecules.
Physiochemical properties
Steps of olfaction:
1. Odorant enters the _________ and makes contact with the _____ _________.
- Odorant enters the nasal cavity and makes contact with the olfactory mucosa
Steps of olfaction:
2. Odorants are carried along the _______, dissolve into the surface and come into contact with…?
- Odorants are carried along the mucosa and dissolve into the surface and come into contact with OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS
Olfactory receptor neurons contain molecules called _________ ________.
olfactory receptors
Olfactory receptors are sensitive to….?
A narrow range of odorants
How many types of receptors are on each olfactory receptor neurons?
One
How many olfactory receptor neurons do humans have?
400
How many of EACH type of olfactory receptor neurons do humans have?
10,000
Steps of olfaction:
3. Signals are carried from the ORNS to the ________ in the ________ ______.
- Signals are carried from the ORNs to the glomeruli in the olfactory bulb.
ORNs of the same type converge signals on __________.
Glomeruli
Steps of olfaction:
4. Signals from the olfactory bulb are sent to _________ ______ cortex.
- Signals from the olfactory bulb are sent to primary olfactory cortex.
The primary olfactory cortex is also called the ________ cortex.
Piriform
The primary olfactory cortex is located in the ________ lobe and _______.
Temporal lobe and amygdala
The _________ plays a role in the emotional reaction to odors.
Amygdala
Steps of olfaction:
5. Signals arrive at the ________ _______ cortex.
secondary olfactory
The secondary olfactory cortex is also called the _________ cortex.
Orbitofrontal cortex
The secondary olfactory cortex is located in the __________ lobe.
Frontal lobe
Odorants are coded by patterns of activation of olfactory receptors called _________ ________.
Recognition profiles
Different chemicals activated distinct clusters of glomeruli in the ________ ______.
Olfactory bulb
A map of odorants exists in the __________ ______.
Olfactory bulb
Odor maps or odotopic map is also called a ___________ map.
Chemotopic map
Mallory loves ________.
Eleni
Activity in the ____________ cortex is associated with pleasantness ratings.
Orbitofrontal cortex
Trouble with smelling, consistent with senescence, is called __________.
Presbyosmia
The loss of smell from disease or injury is called _________.
Anosmia
In anosmia, the loss of smell is usually associated with the loss of _________.
taste
What diseases are associated with anosmia?
Parkinson’s, dementia
Long-term anosmia is associated with __________.
Depression
After what age is presbyosmia a possibility?
55 years old
What is going on in presbyosmia?
ORNs become less selective for odors and respond to multiple odorants
