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Cogs101A > Olfaction > Flashcards

Olfaction Flashcards

1
Q

Which triggers a more emotional response, smell or visual images?

A

Smell

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2
Q

The tendency to remember more information when cued by odor (compared to visual cues) is called the…?

A

Proust Effect

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3
Q

Are humans macrosomatic or microsomatic?

A

Microsomatic

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4
Q

Having a keen sense of smell and being good at object odor identification is called ___________.

A

Macrosomatic

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5
Q

Being less good at smell, because it is less crucial to survival is called _________.

A

Microsomatic

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6
Q

Some animals have a ___________ _______ used in the detection of pheromones.

A

Vomeronasal organ

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7
Q

The phenomenon of pheromones changing womens menstrual cycles (to synchrony with the women around them) is called the ___________ ________.

A

McClintock effect

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8
Q

Babies prefer odors from their _________ _______ at birth. (What may this help with?)

A

Lactating mothers = helps initiate nursing

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9
Q

Women prefer the scent of men who have greater _______ _______ ______.

A

Body bilateral symmetry

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10
Q

Men and women prefer the odors of potential mates who have _____ ________ ____ patterns unlike their own. (What does this mean?)

A

Major histocompatibility complex: immune system patterns unlike their own

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11
Q

What are the two measures of detection threshold?

A
  1. Yes/no procedure

2. Forced-choice

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12
Q

When participants are given trials with odors along with blank trials, this is called the _________________?

A

Yes/no procedure

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13
Q

The yes/no procedure is usually with the method of _______ _______.

A

Constant stimuli

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14
Q

When two trials are provided, one with the odorant and one without; and the participant indicates which smells strongest, this is the _______________ method.

A

Forced-choice

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15
Q

Which is more reliable, the yes/no procedure or the forced-choice?

A

Forced-choice

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16
Q

What is the main problem with the yes/no procedure?

A

Bias

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17
Q

Detection of a smell varies by _______ _______, which means that some require larger concentrations in order to be detected.

A

source molecule

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18
Q

What is the factor that makes dogs/other animals more sensitive to smell than humans? (hint: sensitivity to receptors or number of receptors?)

A

The number of receptors. Dogs have more receptors.

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19
Q

How man receptors do humans have?

A

~10 million

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20
Q

Some sharks use ______ _____ _______ in a scent plume reaching the nostrils to orient toward scents.

A

Bilateral time differences

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21
Q

The concentration of a molecule needed to determine the quality of an odorant is called _________ ________.

A

Recognition threshold

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22
Q

Bilateral time differences may be related to __________ in audtion.

A

ITD

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23
Q

No odor model because:

1. There is no _________ _______ for odor quality.

A

specific language

24
Q

No odor model because:

2. Some molecules….

A

Some molecules with similar structures smell different, and some that have different structures smell the same

25
Q

No odor model because:

3. There is a lot of __________ (?%) between olfactory receptors in people.

A

variability: ~30%

26
Q

The _______ _________ has different patterns of activity suggesting a categorical perception of odors.

A

Olfactory bulb

27
Q

Ratings of pleasantness could be predicted by the _________ _____________ of the oderant molecules.

A

Physiochemical properties

28
Q

Steps of olfaction:

1. Odorant enters the _________ and makes contact with the _____ _________.

A
  1. Odorant enters the nasal cavity and makes contact with the olfactory mucosa
29
Q

Steps of olfaction:

2. Odorants are carried along the _______, dissolve into the surface and come into contact with…?

A
  1. Odorants are carried along the mucosa and dissolve into the surface and come into contact with OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS
30
Q

Olfactory receptor neurons contain molecules called _________ ________.

A

olfactory receptors

31
Q

Olfactory receptors are sensitive to….?

A

A narrow range of odorants

32
Q

How many types of receptors are on each olfactory receptor neurons?

A

One

33
Q

How many olfactory receptor neurons do humans have?

A

400

34
Q

How many of EACH type of olfactory receptor neurons do humans have?

A

10,000

35
Q

Steps of olfaction:

3. Signals are carried from the ORNS to the ________ in the ________ ______.

A
  1. Signals are carried from the ORNs to the glomeruli in the olfactory bulb.
36
Q

ORNs of the same type converge signals on __________.

A

Glomeruli

37
Q

Steps of olfaction:

4. Signals from the olfactory bulb are sent to _________ ______ cortex.

A
  1. Signals from the olfactory bulb are sent to primary olfactory cortex.
38
Q

The primary olfactory cortex is also called the ________ cortex.

A

Piriform

39
Q

The primary olfactory cortex is located in the ________ lobe and _______.

A

Temporal lobe and amygdala

40
Q

The _________ plays a role in the emotional reaction to odors.

A

Amygdala

41
Q

Steps of olfaction:

5. Signals arrive at the ________ _______ cortex.

A

secondary olfactory

42
Q

The secondary olfactory cortex is also called the _________ cortex.

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

43
Q

The secondary olfactory cortex is located in the __________ lobe.

A

Frontal lobe

44
Q

Odorants are coded by patterns of activation of olfactory receptors called _________ ________.

A

Recognition profiles

45
Q

Different chemicals activated distinct clusters of glomeruli in the ________ ______.

A

Olfactory bulb

46
Q

A map of odorants exists in the __________ ______.

A

Olfactory bulb

47
Q

Odor maps or odotopic map is also called a ___________ map.

A

Chemotopic map

48
Q

Mallory loves ________.

A

Eleni

49
Q

Activity in the ____________ cortex is associated with pleasantness ratings.

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

50
Q

Trouble with smelling, consistent with senescence, is called __________.

A

Presbyosmia

51
Q

The loss of smell from disease or injury is called _________.

A

Anosmia

52
Q

In anosmia, the loss of smell is usually associated with the loss of _________.

A

taste

53
Q

What diseases are associated with anosmia?

A

Parkinson’s, dementia

54
Q

Long-term anosmia is associated with __________.

A

Depression

55
Q

After what age is presbyosmia a possibility?

A

55 years old

56
Q

What is going on in presbyosmia?

A

ORNs become less selective for odors and respond to multiple odorants

Cogs101A (5 decks)

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