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Veterinary Neurology > Pain > Flashcards

Pain Flashcards

1
Q

Pain

A

A perception, not a stimulus, has no definitive physical dimensions
Most modifiable system of the body
Sensory experience evoked by stimuli that injure or threaten to injure tissue

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2
Q

Reticular formation

A

Makes up central core of brainstem, characterized by aggregations of cells of different types and sizes, interspersed with wealth of nerve fibers traveling in many directions and excludes organized groups of cells

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3
Q

Allodynia

A

Normally non-nociceptive stimulus is painful

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4
Q

Perception of event

A

Consciousness via cerebral cortex -> loss of reflex doesn’t correlate to a loss of pain perception

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5
Q

Conditions producing absences of nociceptive reflex

A

Lost afferent supply to region where noxious stimulus is applied
Damage to spinal cord segment mediating reflex
Lost efferent supply to limb flexors
Trauma, peripheral neuropathies
Myoneural transmission blockage
Hyperreflexic nociceptive reflexes if spinal cord is damaged cranial to limb tested

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6
Q

Total loss of pain response to deep pain stimuli

A

Serious, irreversible damage to spinal cord

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7
Q

Reflex arcs

A

Involve multisynaptic excitation of ipsilateral flexor LMNs and inhibition of ipsilateral extensor LMNs
If standing, elicitation of nociceptive reflex in one limb results in contralateral extension reflex (doesn’t happen in recumbency)

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8
Q

Medial spinothalamic pathway

A

Located ventromedially
Ipsilateral and bilateral components, motivational afferent pathway
Supraspinal destination: medullary reticular formation and midline and intralaminar nuclei

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9
Q

Spinoreticular pathway

A

Located ventromedially, just lateral to propriospinal pathway
Supraspinal destination: medullary and pontine reticular formations, terminate in nuclei of medullary RF or project rostrally to medial and intralaminar thalamic nuuclei

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10
Q

Medial system

A

Conducts impulses arising from stimuli that have produced actual damage to animal
Motivational affective dimensions of pain sensation
Terminate almost exclusively in intralaminar and midline nuclei in reticular formation

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11
Q

Cerebral cortex involvement in nociception

A

No specific area uniquely responsible for perception of pain

Nociceptive pathways project to midline, intralaminar, and ventral thalamic nuclei

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12
Q

Diencephalon involvement in nociception

A

Serves as relay for most activity entering cerebral cortex from pathways originating in brainstem and spinal cord, with exception of olfactory system

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13
Q

Mesencephalon involvement in nociception

A

Electrical microstimulation produces profound state of analgesia

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14
Q

Medullary and pontine reticular formation

A

nociceptive input

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15
Q

Acute pain

A

Brief, usually elicits avoidance behavior

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16
Q

Nociceptors

A

Receptors involved in pain, respond to noxious stimuli
Free nerve endings in skin and viscera
Terminal ending of peripheral process of a nociceptive fiber that conducts in A-delta and C fiber conduction velocity range
Afferents terminate in superficial layers of dorsal horn

17
Q

Noxious stimuli

A

Strong mechanical pressure, heat, excessive cold, chemical substances, high electrical stimulation

18
Q

Sensory-discriminative dimension

A

Addresses questions of where, what, how rapidly

19
Q

Motivation-affective dimension

A

Addresses how to avoid stimulus and how sever is the injury

20
Q

Fast superficial pain

A

First pain, sharp, pricking

Signaled by myelinated A-delta fibers

21
Q

Slow superficial pain

A

Second pain, aching, burning, deep pain

Signaled by unmyelinated C nociceptor fibers

22
Q

Chronic pain

A 
Lasts longer (months-years) and usually associated with suppression of activity and depression
Can alter other pathways, sensitivity, hormonal balance, etc.
23
Q

Spinocervicothalamic pathway

A

Ascends in dorsal part of lateral funiculus
Responds to noxious thermal and mechanical stimulation and fibers responding to low-threshold mechanical stimulation
Supraspinal destination: central and caudal part of VPL of thalamus

24
Q

Dorsal column-postsynaptic pathway

A

Located just medial to dorsal horn
Bilateral pathway, carries info from visceral structures
Supraspinal destination: VCL of thalamus

25
Q

Propriospinal pathway

A

Located just lateral to ventral horn

Supraspinal destination: medullary and pontine reticular formation

26
Q

Nociceptive reflex behavior

A

Withdrawal reflex
Involves flexion of limb
Involve at least 3 spinal cord reflexes and many simultaneously acting reflex mechanisms
Only dependent integrity of reflex arc

27
Q

Pain perception

A

Voluntary act by which an animal demonstrates that it has perceived a noxious stimulus as painful (cerebral cortex)
Requires integrity of afferent fibers and ascending and descending pathways

28
Q

Criteria used to determine whether a given stimulus gives rise to pain or whether animal is showing non-perception linked reflexes

A

Stimulus, in normal animal, must be perceived as pain
Stimulus must threaten or actually destroy tissue
Animal must show aversive response to stimulus
Injury to CNS to drugs used, cerebral cortex must be in a state in which perception can occur (tests include menace visual placing, tactile placing, conscious proprioception, EEG)

29
Q

Nociceptor threshold

A

Minimum noxious stimuli required to generate nerve impulses in a nociceptor

30
Q

Pain-detection threshold

A

Minimum noxious stimulus applied that gives rise to the perception of pain
Emphasizes discrimination of nociceptive quality
Varies with stress and anxiety

31
Q

Pain-tolerance threshold

A

Maximum noxious stimulus tolerated under experimental conditions
Expression of willingness to receive more intense stimulation

32
Q

Lateral system

A

Conducts impulses that lead to perceptions about precise location, qualitative nature and areal extent of stimulus
Terminate predominantly in lateral group of nuclei (VPM, VPL, VL, POM)

33
Q

Lateral spinothalamic pathway

A

Located ventrolaterally
Ipsilateral and bilateral components, sensory discriminative pathway
Supraspinal destination: VPL, VL, and intralaminar nuclei of thalamus

34
Q

Pain-sensitivity range

A

Difference between the pain-detection threshold and the pain-tolerance threshold

Veterinary Neurology (9 decks)

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