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N11 - Nursing Foundations > Pain > Flashcards

Pain Flashcards

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1
Q

it is whatever the person says it is, and exists whenever he says it does; an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage

A

pain

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2
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Pain is an emotional experience only.

A

FALSE. Pain is a physical AND emotional experience.

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3
Q

what is the alleviation of pain or a reduction in pain to a level of comfort that is acceptable to the client?

A

pain management

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4
Q

pain may be described in terms of

a. duration and etiology
b. location and intensity
c. location only
d. a and b
e. all of the above

A

D.

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5
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Classification of pain based on intensity may be problematic.

A

FALSE. Classification of pain based on LOCATION may be problematic.

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6
Q

pain arising from organs or hollow viscera

A

visceral pain

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7
Q

pain lasts only through the expected recovery period

A

acute pain

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8
Q

prolonged pain, usually recurring or lasting 3 months or longer, and interferes with functioning

A

chronic pain

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9
Q

chronic pain is also known as

A

persistent pain

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10
Q

it may result from the direct effects of the disease and its treatment, or it may be unrelated

A

cancer pain

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11
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. HIV is included in the “malignant pain” category.

A

TRUE

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12
Q

it is treated more aggressively than “noncancer pain”

A

cancer pain or “malignant pain”

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13
Q

pain in this range is deemed as mild

A

1 to 3 range

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14
Q

a rating of _____ is moderate pain

A

4 to 6

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15
Q

it is classified as severe pain if it reaches a range of ______

A

7 to 10

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16
Q

it is experienced when an intact, properly functioning nervous system sends signals that tissues are damaged, requiring attention and proper care

A

nociceptive pain

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17
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Nociceptive pain is transient.

A

TRUE

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18
Q

what are the two subcategories of nociceptive pain?

A

somatic and visceral

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19
Q

pain that originates in the skin, muscles, bone, or connective tissue

A

somatic pain

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20
Q

associated with damaged or malfunctioning nerves due to illness, injury, or undetermined reasons

A

neuropathic pain

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21
Q

pain that follows damage or sensitization of peripheral nerves

A

peripheral neuropathic pain

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22
Q

pain that results from malfunctioning nerves in the central nervous system (CNS)

A

central neuropathic pain

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23
Q

occurs occasionally when abnormal connections between pain fibers and the sympathetic nervous system perpetuate problems with both the pain and sympathetically controlled functions

A

sympathetically maintained pain

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24
Q

least amount of stimuli that is needed for a person to label a sensation as pain

A

pain threshold

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25
Q

maximum amount of painful stimuli that a person is willing to withstand without seeking avoidance of the pain or relief

A

pain tolerance

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26
Q

heightened responses to a painful stimuli

A

hyperalgesia and hyperpathia

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27
Q

nonpainful stimuli that produces pain

A

allodynia

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28
Q

an unpleasant abnormal sensation that can be either spontaneous or evoked; mimics or imitates the pathology of a central neuropathic pain disorder

A

dysesthesia

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29
Q

a pain state for which no cure is possible even after accepted medical evaluation and treatments have been implemented

A

intractable pain

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30
Q

an increased sensitivity of a receptor after repeated activation by noxious stimuli

A

sensitization

31
Q

progressive increase in excitability and sensitivity of spinal cord neurons, leading to persistent, increased pain

A

windup

32
Q

specialized primary sensory neurons that detect mechanical, thermal, or chemical conditions associated with potential tissue damage

A

nociceptors

33
Q

what are the three types of pain stimuli?

A

mechanical, thermal, and chemical

34
Q

described as the physiological processes related to pain perception

A

nociception

35
Q

what are the four physiological processes involved in nociception?

A

transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation

36
Q

during this phase, harmful stimuli trigger the release of biochemical mediators which sensitize nociceptors

A

transduction

37
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Transmission of pain has four segments.

A

FALSE. Transmission of pain has THREE segments only.

38
Q

a nociceptor fiber that transmit dull and aching pain

A

unmyelinated C fiber

39
Q

a nociceptor that transmit sharp and localized pain

A

thin A-delta fiber

40
Q

pain control can take place during this segment of transmission

A

second segment

41
Q

process wherein the client becomes conscious of the pain

A

perception

42
Q

process wherein the neurons in the brain send signals back down to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord; descending system

A

modulation

43
Q

describes what happens when the individual perceives pain, and how the body responds to it

A

gate control theory

44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. The body’s response to pain is a specific action.

A

FALSE. The body’s response to pain is a COMPLEX PROCESS rather than a specific action.

45
Q

it adapts very little and becomes sensitized in a way that intensifies, prolongs, and/or spreads the pain

A

pain fiber

46
Q

what phenomenon results from repeated pain signals that cause stronger and longer responses in the CNS?

A

windup phenomenon

47
Q

what are the factors affecting the pain experience?

A

ethnic and cultural values, developmental stage, environment and support people, previous pain experiences, and the meaning of current pain

48
Q

cultural background can affect pain ____

A

tolerance

49
Q

it alters the client’s sensitivity to pain

A

previous pain experiences

50
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. A nursing health history should include a comprehensive pain history.

A

TRUE

51
Q

pain is considered as the _____ vital sign

A

fifth

52
Q

needs to look into client’s behavioral indicators as well as physiologic manifestation of the pain experience

A

objective assessment

53
Q

pain assessment consists of two major components

A

pain history and direct observation

54
Q

what is the single most important indicator of the existence and intensity of pain?

A

client’s report of pain

55
Q

the FLACC scale rates pain behaviors as manifested by

A

Facial expressions, Leg movement, Activity, Cry, and Consolability

56
Q

PAINAD looks at

A

breathing, vocalization, facial expression, body language, consolability

57
Q

what are the two diagnostic labels for clients experiencing pain or discomfort?

A

acute pain and chronic pain

58
Q

client goals would focus on

A

preventing, modifying, or eliminating pain

59
Q

nursing interventions for pain are classified into

A

pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic

60
Q

what pain management model recommends a three-step analgesic ladder approach to manage chronic cancer pain?

A

WHO Three-Step Analgesic Ladderbind tightly to mu receptor
sites, producing maximum pain inhibition, an agonist effect

61
Q

occurs when the client’s opioid dose, over time, leads to a decreased sensitivity of the drug’s analgesic

A

tolerance

62
Q

an expected physical response when a client who is on long-term opioid therapy has the opioid significantly reduced or withdrawn

A

physical dependence

63
Q

chronic, relapsing, treatable disease influenced by genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors

A

addiction

64
Q

a condition that results from the undertreatment of pain where the client may become so focused on obtaining medications for pain relief that they become angry and demanding, may “clock watch,” and may otherwise seem inappropriately “drug seeking”

A

pseudoaddiction

65
Q

administration of analgesics before surgery to decrease or relieve pain after surgery

A

preemptive analgesia

66
Q

bind tightly to mu receptor sites, producing maximum pain inhibition, an agonist effect

A

full agonists

67
Q

can act like opioids and relieve pain when given to a client who has not taken any pure opioids, can block or inactivate other opioid analgesics when given to a client who has been taking pure opioids

A

mixed agonists-antagonists

68
Q

have a ceiling effect in contrast to a full agonist

A

partial agonists

69
Q

gold standard opoid

A

parenteral morphine

70
Q

medication that is not classified as a pain medication but have properties that may reduce pain alone or in combination with other analgesics

A

conanalgesic

71
Q

any sham medication or procedure designed to be void of any known therapeutic value

A

placebo

72
Q

an interactive method of pain management that permits clients to treat their pain by self-administering doses of analgesics

A

Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)

73
Q

method of applying low-voltage electrical stimulation directly over identified pain areas, at an acupressure point, along peripheral nerve areas that innervate the pain area, or along the spinal column

A

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

74
Q

a chemical interruption of a nerve pathway, caused by injecting a local anesthetic into the nerve

A

nerve block

N11 - Nursing Foundations (10 decks)

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