Pain Flashcards
it is whatever the person says it is, and exists whenever he says it does; an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage
pain
TRUE OR FALSE. Pain is an emotional experience only.
FALSE. Pain is a physical AND emotional experience.
what is the alleviation of pain or a reduction in pain to a level of comfort that is acceptable to the client?
pain management
pain may be described in terms of
a. duration and etiology
b. location and intensity
c. location only
d. a and b
e. all of the above
D.
TRUE OR FALSE. Classification of pain based on intensity may be problematic.
FALSE. Classification of pain based on LOCATION may be problematic.
pain arising from organs or hollow viscera
visceral pain
pain lasts only through the expected recovery period
acute pain
prolonged pain, usually recurring or lasting 3 months or longer, and interferes with functioning
chronic pain
chronic pain is also known as
persistent pain
it may result from the direct effects of the disease and its treatment, or it may be unrelated
cancer pain
TRUE OR FALSE. HIV is included in the “malignant pain” category.
TRUE
it is treated more aggressively than “noncancer pain”
cancer pain or “malignant pain”
pain in this range is deemed as mild
1 to 3 range
a rating of _____ is moderate pain
4 to 6
it is classified as severe pain if it reaches a range of ______
7 to 10
it is experienced when an intact, properly functioning nervous system sends signals that tissues are damaged, requiring attention and proper care
nociceptive pain
TRUE OR FALSE. Nociceptive pain is transient.
TRUE
what are the two subcategories of nociceptive pain?
somatic and visceral
pain that originates in the skin, muscles, bone, or connective tissue
somatic pain
associated with damaged or malfunctioning nerves due to illness, injury, or undetermined reasons
neuropathic pain
pain that follows damage or sensitization of peripheral nerves
peripheral neuropathic pain
pain that results from malfunctioning nerves in the central nervous system (CNS)
central neuropathic pain
occurs occasionally when abnormal connections between pain fibers and the sympathetic nervous system perpetuate problems with both the pain and sympathetically controlled functions
sympathetically maintained pain
least amount of stimuli that is needed for a person to label a sensation as pain
pain threshold
maximum amount of painful stimuli that a person is willing to withstand without seeking avoidance of the pain or relief
pain tolerance
heightened responses to a painful stimuli
hyperalgesia and hyperpathia
nonpainful stimuli that produces pain
allodynia
an unpleasant abnormal sensation that can be either spontaneous or evoked; mimics or imitates the pathology of a central neuropathic pain disorder
dysesthesia
a pain state for which no cure is possible even after accepted medical evaluation and treatments have been implemented
intractable pain
an increased sensitivity of a receptor after repeated activation by noxious stimuli
sensitization
progressive increase in excitability and sensitivity of spinal cord neurons, leading to persistent, increased pain
windup
specialized primary sensory neurons that detect mechanical, thermal, or chemical conditions associated with potential tissue damage
nociceptors
what are the three types of pain stimuli?
mechanical, thermal, and chemical
described as the physiological processes related to pain perception
nociception
what are the four physiological processes involved in nociception?
transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation
during this phase, harmful stimuli trigger the release of biochemical mediators which sensitize nociceptors
transduction
TRUE OR FALSE. Transmission of pain has four segments.
FALSE. Transmission of pain has THREE segments only.
a nociceptor fiber that transmit dull and aching pain
unmyelinated C fiber
a nociceptor that transmit sharp and localized pain
thin A-delta fiber
pain control can take place during this segment of transmission
second segment
process wherein the client becomes conscious of the pain
perception
process wherein the neurons in the brain send signals back down to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord; descending system
modulation
describes what happens when the individual perceives pain, and how the body responds to it
gate control theory
TRUE OR FALSE. The body’s response to pain is a specific action.
FALSE. The body’s response to pain is a COMPLEX PROCESS rather than a specific action.
it adapts very little and becomes sensitized in a way that intensifies, prolongs, and/or spreads the pain
pain fiber
what phenomenon results from repeated pain signals that cause stronger and longer responses in the CNS?
windup phenomenon
what are the factors affecting the pain experience?
ethnic and cultural values, developmental stage, environment and support people, previous pain experiences, and the meaning of current pain
cultural background can affect pain ____
tolerance
it alters the client’s sensitivity to pain
previous pain experiences
TRUE OR FALSE. A nursing health history should include a comprehensive pain history.
TRUE
pain is considered as the _____ vital sign
fifth
needs to look into client’s behavioral indicators as well as physiologic manifestation of the pain experience
objective assessment
pain assessment consists of two major components
pain history and direct observation
what is the single most important indicator of the existence and intensity of pain?
client’s report of pain
the FLACC scale rates pain behaviors as manifested by
Facial expressions, Leg movement, Activity, Cry, and Consolability
PAINAD looks at
breathing, vocalization, facial expression, body language, consolability
what are the two diagnostic labels for clients experiencing pain or discomfort?
acute pain and chronic pain
client goals would focus on
preventing, modifying, or eliminating pain
nursing interventions for pain are classified into
pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic
what pain management model recommends a three-step analgesic ladder approach to manage chronic cancer pain?
WHO Three-Step Analgesic Ladderbind tightly to mu receptor
sites, producing maximum pain inhibition, an agonist effect
occurs when the client’s opioid dose, over time, leads to a decreased sensitivity of the drug’s analgesic
tolerance
an expected physical response when a client who is on long-term opioid therapy has the opioid significantly reduced or withdrawn
physical dependence
chronic, relapsing, treatable disease influenced by genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors
addiction
a condition that results from the undertreatment of pain where the client may become so focused on obtaining medications for pain relief that they become angry and demanding, may “clock watch,” and may otherwise seem inappropriately “drug seeking”
pseudoaddiction
administration of analgesics before surgery to decrease or relieve pain after surgery
preemptive analgesia
bind tightly to mu receptor sites, producing maximum pain inhibition, an agonist effect
full agonists
can act like opioids and relieve pain when given to a client who has not taken any pure opioids, can block or inactivate other opioid analgesics when given to a client who has been taking pure opioids
mixed agonists-antagonists
have a ceiling effect in contrast to a full agonist
partial agonists
gold standard opoid
parenteral morphine
medication that is not classified as a pain medication but have properties that may reduce pain alone or in combination with other analgesics
conanalgesic
any sham medication or procedure designed to be void of any known therapeutic value
placebo
an interactive method of pain management that permits clients to treat their pain by self-administering doses of analgesics
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)
method of applying low-voltage electrical stimulation directly over identified pain areas, at an acupressure point, along peripheral nerve areas that innervate the pain area, or along the spinal column
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
a chemical interruption of a nerve pathway, caused by injecting a local anesthetic into the nerve
nerve block
