Pain

Question 1

it is whatever the person says it is, and exists whenever he says it does; an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage

Answer 1

pain

Question 2

TRUE OR FALSE. Pain is an emotional experience only.

Answer 2

FALSE. Pain is a physical AND emotional experience.

Question 3

what is the alleviation of pain or a reduction in pain to a level of comfort that is acceptable to the client?

Answer 3

pain management

Question 4

pain may be described in terms of

a. duration and etiology
b. location and intensity
c. location only
d. a and b
e. all of the above

Answer 4

D.

Question 5

TRUE OR FALSE. Classification of pain based on intensity may be problematic.

Answer 5

FALSE. Classification of pain based on LOCATION may be problematic.

Question 6

pain arising from organs or hollow viscera

Answer 6

visceral pain

Question 7

pain lasts only through the expected recovery period

Answer 7

acute pain

Question 8

prolonged pain, usually recurring or lasting 3 months or longer, and interferes with functioning

Answer 8

chronic pain

Question 9

chronic pain is also known as

Answer 9

persistent pain

Question 10

it may result from the direct effects of the disease and its treatment, or it may be unrelated

Answer 10

cancer pain

Question 11

TRUE OR FALSE. HIV is included in the “malignant pain” category.

Answer 11

TRUE

Question 12

it is treated more aggressively than “noncancer pain”

Answer 12

cancer pain or “malignant pain”

Question 13

pain in this range is deemed as mild

Answer 13

1 to 3 range

Question 14

a rating of _____ is moderate pain

Answer 14

4 to 6

Question 15

it is classified as severe pain if it reaches a range of ______

Answer 15

7 to 10

Question 16

it is experienced when an intact, properly functioning nervous system sends signals that tissues are damaged, requiring attention and proper care

Answer 16

nociceptive pain

Question 17

TRUE OR FALSE. Nociceptive pain is transient.

Answer 17

TRUE

Question 18

what are the two subcategories of nociceptive pain?

Answer 18

somatic and visceral

Question 19

pain that originates in the skin, muscles, bone, or connective tissue

Answer 19

somatic pain

Question 20

associated with damaged or malfunctioning nerves due to illness, injury, or undetermined reasons

Answer 20

neuropathic pain

Question 21

pain that follows damage or sensitization of peripheral nerves

Answer 21

peripheral neuropathic pain

Question 22

pain that results from malfunctioning nerves in the central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 22

central neuropathic pain

Question 23

occurs occasionally when abnormal connections between pain fibers and the sympathetic nervous system perpetuate problems with both the pain and sympathetically controlled functions

Answer 23

sympathetically maintained pain

Question 24

least amount of stimuli that is needed for a person to label a sensation as pain

Answer 24

pain threshold

Question 25

maximum amount of painful stimuli that a person is willing to withstand without seeking avoidance of the pain or relief

Answer 25

pain tolerance

Question 26

heightened responses to a painful stimuli

Answer 26

hyperalgesia and hyperpathia

Question 27

nonpainful stimuli that produces pain

Answer 27

allodynia

Question 28

an unpleasant abnormal sensation that can be either spontaneous or evoked; mimics or imitates the pathology of a central neuropathic pain disorder

Answer 28

dysesthesia

Question 29

a pain state for which no cure is possible even after accepted medical evaluation and treatments have been implemented

Answer 29

intractable pain

Question 30

an increased sensitivity of a receptor after repeated activation by noxious stimuli

Answer 30

sensitization

Question 31

progressive increase in excitability and sensitivity of spinal cord neurons, leading to persistent, increased pain

Answer 31

windup

Question 32

specialized primary sensory neurons that detect mechanical, thermal, or chemical conditions associated with potential tissue damage

Answer 32

nociceptors

Question 33

what are the three types of pain stimuli?

Answer 33

mechanical, thermal, and chemical

Question 34

described as the physiological processes related to pain perception

Answer 34

nociception

Question 35

what are the four physiological processes involved in nociception?

Answer 35

transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation

Question 36

during this phase, harmful stimuli trigger the release of biochemical mediators which sensitize nociceptors

Answer 36

transduction

Question 37

TRUE OR FALSE. Transmission of pain has four segments.

Answer 37

FALSE. Transmission of pain has THREE segments only.

Question 38

a nociceptor fiber that transmit dull and aching pain

Answer 38

unmyelinated C fiber

Question 39

a nociceptor that transmit sharp and localized pain

Answer 39

thin A-delta fiber

Question 40

pain control can take place during this segment of transmission

Answer 40

second segment

Question 41

process wherein the client becomes conscious of the pain

Answer 41

perception

Question 42

process wherein the neurons in the brain send signals back down to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord; descending system

Answer 42

modulation

Question 43

describes what happens when the individual perceives pain, and how the body responds to it

Answer 43

gate control theory

Question 44

TRUE OR FALSE. The body's response to pain is a specific action.

Answer 44

FALSE. The body's response to pain is a COMPLEX PROCESS rather than a specific action.

Question 45

it adapts very little and becomes sensitized in a way that intensifies, prolongs, and/or spreads the pain

Answer 45

pain fiber

Question 46

what phenomenon results from repeated pain signals that cause stronger and longer responses in the CNS?

Answer 46

windup phenomenon

Question 47

what are the factors affecting the pain experience?

Answer 47

ethnic and cultural values, developmental stage, environment and support people, previous pain experiences, and the meaning of current pain

Question 48

cultural background can affect pain ____

Answer 48

tolerance

Question 49

it alters the client's sensitivity to pain

Answer 49

previous pain experiences

Question 50

TRUE OR FALSE. A nursing health history should include a comprehensive pain history.

Answer 50

TRUE

Question 51

pain is considered as the _____ vital sign

Answer 51

fifth

Question 52

needs to look into client’s behavioral indicators as well as physiologic manifestation of the pain experience

Answer 52

objective assessment

Question 53

pain assessment consists of two major components

Answer 53

pain history and direct observation

Question 54

what is the single most important indicator of the existence and intensity of pain?

Answer 54

client's report of pain

Question 55

the FLACC scale rates pain behaviors as manifested by

Answer 55

Facial expressions, Leg movement, Activity, Cry, and Consolability

Question 56

PAINAD looks at

Answer 56

breathing, vocalization, facial expression, body language, consolability

Question 57

what are the two diagnostic labels for clients experiencing pain or discomfort?

Answer 57

acute pain and chronic pain

Question 58

client goals would focus on

Answer 58

preventing, modifying, or eliminating pain

Question 59

nursing interventions for pain are classified into

Answer 59

pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic

Question 60

what pain management model recommends a three-step analgesic ladder approach to manage chronic cancer pain?

Answer 60

WHO Three-Step Analgesic Ladderbind tightly to mu receptor sites, producing maximum pain inhibition, an agonist effect

Question 61

occurs when the client’s opioid dose, over time, leads to a decreased sensitivity of the drug’s analgesic

Answer 61

tolerance

Question 62

an expected physical response when a client who is on long-term opioid therapy has the opioid significantly reduced or withdrawn

Answer 62

physical dependence

Question 63

chronic, relapsing, treatable disease influenced by genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors

Answer 63

addiction

Question 64

a condition that results from the undertreatment of pain where the client may become so focused on obtaining medications for pain relief that they become angry and demanding, may “clock watch,” and may otherwise seem inappropriately “drug seeking"

Answer 64

pseudoaddiction

Question 65

administration of analgesics before surgery to decrease or relieve pain after surgery

Answer 65

preemptive analgesia

Question 66

bind tightly to mu receptor sites, producing maximum pain inhibition, an agonist effect

Answer 66

full agonists

Question 67

can act like opioids and relieve pain when given to a client who has not taken any pure opioids, can block or inactivate other opioid analgesics when given to a client who has been taking pure opioids

Answer 67

mixed agonists-antagonists

Question 68

have a ceiling effect in contrast to a full agonist

Answer 68

partial agonists

Question 69

gold standard opoid

Answer 69

parenteral morphine

Question 70

medication that is not classified as a pain medication but have properties that may reduce pain alone or in combination with other analgesics

Answer 70

conanalgesic

Question 71

any sham medication or procedure designed to be void of any known therapeutic value

Answer 71

placebo

Question 72

an interactive method of pain management that permits clients to treat their pain by self-administering doses of analgesics

Answer 72

Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)

Question 73

method of applying low-voltage electrical stimulation directly over identified pain areas, at an acupressure point, along peripheral nerve areas that innervate the pain area, or along the spinal column

Answer 73

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

Question 74

a chemical interruption of a nerve pathway, caused by injecting a local anesthetic into the nerve

Answer 74

nerve block