Elimination (Urinary) Flashcards
Urinary elimination depends on the effective functioning of the upper urinary tract’s ___________ and the lower urinary tract’s urinary ________.
kidneys and ureters; bladder, urethra, and pelvic floor
The paired kidneys are situated on either side of the _________, behind the ________.
spinal column; peritoneal cavity
T/F: The left kidney is slightly lower than the right due to the position of the liver.
F - right kidney is lower
They are the primary regulators of fluid and acid–base balance in the body.
Kidneys
The functional units of the kidneys, the _______, filter the blood and remove metabolic wastes.
nephrons
T/F: In the average adult 1,200 mL of blood, or about 21% of the cardiac output, passes through the kidneys every minute.
T
Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons. Each nephron has a _______, a tuft of capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule.
glomerulus
Which of the following statements is/are true:
- The endothelium of glomerular capillaries is porous, allowing fluid and solutes to readily move across this membrane into the capsule.
- Plasma proteins and blood cells are too large to cross the membrane normally.
- Glomerular filtrate is similar in composition to plasma, made up of water, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, and metabolic wastes.
All of the above
Which of the following is/are true?
- From Bowman’s capsule the filtrate moves into the tubule of the nephron.
- In the distal convoluted tubule, most of the water and electrolytes are reabsorbed.
- Solutes such as glucose are reabsorbed in the loop of Henle.
- Other substances are secreted into the filtrate in the same area, resulting in concentrated urine.
- In the proximal convoluted tubule, additional water and sodium are reabsorbed under the control of hormones such as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone.
2nd and 5th are false - proximal; distal
Which of the following is/are true?
- This controlled reabsorption allows regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.
- When fluid intake is low or the concentration of solutes in the blood is high, ADH is released from the posterior pituitary, more water is reabsorbed in the distal tubule, and less urine is excreted.
- By contrast, when fluid intake is high or the blood solute concentration is low, ADH is suppressed.
-Without ADH, the distal tubule becomes impermeable to water, and more urine is excreted.
-When aldosterone is released from the adrenal cortex, sodium and water are reabsorbed in greater quantities, increasing the blood volume and decreasing urinary output.
All of the above
Once the urine is formed in the kidneys, it moves through the collecting ducts into the calyces of the renal pelvis and from there into the _______.
ureters
T/F:
1st Statement: The upper end of each ureter is funnel-shaped as it enters the kidney.
2nd Statement: The lower ends of the ureters enter the bladder at the posterior corners of the floor of the bladder
Both T
At the junction between the ureter and the bladder, a flaplike fold of mucous membrane acts as a valve to prevent _________ of urine up the ureters.
reflux
The ________ (vesicle) is a hollow, muscular organ that serves as a reservoir for urine and as the organ of excretion. When empty, it lies behind the symphysis pubis.
urinary bladder
In men, the bladder lies in front of the _______ and above the prostate gland. In women, it lies in front of the ________.
rectum; uterus and vagina
The wall of the bladder is made up of four layers:
(1) an inner mucous layer;
(2) a connective tissue layer;
(3) three layers of smooth muscle fibers, some of which extend lengthwise, some obliquely, and some more or less circularly;
(4) an outer serous layer.
The smooth muscle layers are collectively called the _______. It allows the bladder to expand as it fills with urine, and to contract to release urine to the outside of the body during voiding.
detrusor muscle
The ________ at the base of the bladder is a triangular area marked by the ureter openings at the posterior corners and the opening of the urethra at the anterior inferior corner.
trigone
T/F
1st Statement: The bladder is capable of considerable distention because of rugae (folds) in the mucous membrane lining and because of the elasticity of its walls.
2nd Statement: When full, the dome of the bladder may extend above the symphysis pubis; in extreme situations, it may extend as high as the umbilicus. Normal bladder capacity is between 300 and 600 mL of urine.
Both T
The urethra extends from the bladder to the _______ (opening).
urinary meatus
In the adult woman, the urethra lies directly behind the _______, anterior to the vagina, and is between 3 and 4 cm (1.5 in.) long
symphysis pubis
T/F: In women, the urethra serves only as a passageway for the elimination of urine.
T
The urinary meatus is located between the _______, in front of the vagina, and below the clitoris.
labia minora
T/F:
1st Statement: The male urethra is approximately 20 cm (8 in.) long and serves as a passageway for urine only.
2nd Statement: The meatus is located at the proximal end of the penis
Both F - serves as a passageway for semen too; distal