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Biol 3290 > Pages 5, 6, And 7- History of Psychoactive Pants- Entheogens > Flashcards

Pages 5, 6, And 7- History of Psychoactive Pants- Entheogens Flashcards

1
Q

What are entheogen?

A

Psychotic substances used in religious or shamanistic context

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2
Q

Where are entheogen obtained from?

A

Plant material

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3
Q

Entheogen have played a role in …….

A

Many societies
Structure beleif system
Hopes
Values
Lives

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4
Q

How did entheogen structure early societies and cultures

A

The phy-chem effects of plant and profound experiences structured early cultures

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5
Q

What are the mind altering effects of entheogens?

A

Change in spatial and temp perception
Hightened emotions (euphoria and anguish)
Inc power of conc, attention, memory
Feeling Dettached from reality

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6
Q

What were these mind altering experiences dipicted as ?

A

Personal contacts with divine entity, future (prediction) or past (ancestor)

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7
Q

What were the 4 major groups of hallucinogens used in aztec of mexico

A

1- peyoti
2- teonanacati
3- talache
4-ololiuqi

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8
Q

Peyoti

A

Cactus. Laphophora williamsii

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9
Q

Teonanacati

A

Hallucinogenic mushrooms of genera Stropharia and psilocybe

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10
Q

Tolache

A

Closely related solanaceous plants of the genus Datura

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11
Q

Ololuiqi

A

Seeds of morning gloriea.
Turbina corymbosa. Ipomoea Violacea

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12
Q

Hiw were the hallogenics used by the Aztec of mexico

A

1- ritualistically and ceremoniously to communicate with supernatural
2- predict the future
3- determine the perperators of criminal and antisocial acts
4- war related rituals
5- human sacrificial ceremonies
6- religious activities
The clergy tightly controlled the ceremonial use of these

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13
Q

What entheogen did the Inca of peru use?

A

1- cocoa (m.imp)
2- yopo
3- datura sps

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14
Q

Cocoa

A

Erythroxylan coca, a potent stimulant

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15
Q

Cocoa was also used by

A

Nazca as a sacred plant

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16
Q

The Inca viewed cocoa as…

A

Manifestation of devine

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17
Q

Coca was used for?

A

Alleviate hunger
Symptoms of alititude sickness
General stimulamt
-Orators used it to
Improve memory
Predict future

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18
Q

Yopo

A

Wilka/ huicla . A hallucinogenic snuff from leguminous trees (anadenanthera prregrina)

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19
Q

What entheogen did Mestizos of Amazon Basin use

A

Ayahuasca (2 closely related vine sps, banisteriopsis spp and B inebrians).

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20
Q

Where did mestizos discover the ayahuasca

A

Mestizos occupied
Tropical rainforests
Western Amazon
Orinoco River

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21
Q

Ayahuasca was taken as a mixture with……

A

Banisteripsis and chacruna, psychotria virdis

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22
Q

What was the ayahuasca used for by the mestizos ?

A

Folk psychiatry to treat mental illness
Predict the future
Healing sessions to determine illness and remedies
Tribal rituals

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23
Q

What hallucinogen did the indigenous people of S.W.N. America and N.Mexico use?

A

Peyote cactus
Thornapple
Mescal bean
Tobacco

24
Q

Thornapple

A

Datura straminium . Another member of the Tomato (solanace family). Contains the deliriant agent scopolamine

25
Q

Mescal bean

A

Sophora secundiflora. A leguminous shrub whose seeds are poisonous and hallucinogenic

26
Q

What hallucinogens did the Aboriginal of Australia use?

A

Tobacco
Pituiri

27
Q

Tobacco

A

Mildly hallucinogenic effects

28
Q

Pituiri

A

Duboisia hopwoodii. Member of solanace family (tomato). Powerful entheogen and is still a critical component of Australian aboriginal social life

29
Q

Note about solanace family as hallucinogens?

A

Some solanace sps including close relative of pituri - corkwood contains powerful deliriant alkaloids such as scopolamine

30
Q

What hallucinogenic material did highlanders of new guinea use?

A

Nonda was a term used to describe all hallucinogenic mushrooms

31
Q

Why was nonda used ?

A
  • resolve group tension and conflict
32
Q

What is mushroom madness

A

Occasional breakdowns in social order
Women become delirious
Men terrorize their surrounding and the neighbouring village

33
Q

Why do researchers say that social customs and mass hysteria were more important then chemical inebriation in accounting for mushroom madness.

A

Because the nondas had no hallucinogenic activity

34
Q

What hallucinogen did equitorial west africa use?

A

Iboga (Tabernanthe iboga)

35
Q

What was iboga used for ?

A

Religious ceremonies
Releive fatigue
Hunting aid

36
Q

The biwitli religious revitalization is centred around?

A

Ritualistic use of iboga

37
Q

The biwiti religious revitalization evolved

A

Evolved in response to the cultural and social disequilibrium that followed European contact and colonization

38
Q

The bwiti movement stresses on…..

A

Social cohesion
Solidarity
Security

39
Q

Why did the equatorial west africa ingest iboga?

A

Allow one to see the divinity known as biwiti
Communicate with ancestors
Visit supernatural realms of the dead
The ritualistic ingestion for cult, complex ceremony - that has been eroded by western looking for a unique high

40
Q

Indian subcontinents used which entheogen

A

Marijuana (manabis sativa)

41
Q

Indian referred to marijuana as …..

A

Divine nectar

42
Q

Why was marijuana used in indian subcontinent

A

Bestow supernatural powers
Have a sense of well being first mentioned in Zend-Avesta
Ceremonies in Himalayan region
Avhieve deep meditation
Heightened sense of awareness
Ritualistic and medicine
Sps of Datura D was also used in medicine

43
Q

Marijuana achieved its greatest importance as …..

A

A ceremonial entheogen in the Himalayan region of India and Tibet and also considered a sacred plant by Tantric, Buddhist and Hindu faiths

44
Q

What did reindeer herdsman of siberia use?

A

The uralic speaking people of north west Eurasia used Fly agaric mushrooms

45
Q

Agaric mushroom

A

Poisonous at high dose, powerful hallucinogen

46
Q

What was agaric mushrooms used for?

A

Induce altered states of consciousness
communication with supernatural
Prediction of future
Obtain answers to difficult question
Diagnose causes of illness
Enjoyment - eg weddings

47
Q

Fly agaric was also used by ……

A

Athabascan and huron tribes of North America

48
Q

What does wason says about fly agaric

A

Fly agaric is the original soma of rigveda

49
Q

Eleusis was fouded as a place for ……… by…….

A

Cult worshipping of Demeter, the greek deity associated with nature and cultivation of cereal crops by ancient greece

50
Q

The demeter cult had evolved into

A

Eleusinian Mysteries- an important Athenian Festival

51
Q

Eleusinian mystery - athenian festival was a ceremony of ….

A

the divine gift of grain, in which few chosen individuals were granted passage through the portals of eleusis

52
Q

People selected to go through the portal underwent….

A

Underwent supreme physical - mystical experiences that included sensation of trembling and powerful hallucinations

53
Q

What could explain the “mysteries” of this eleusis?

A

Many cereal grains can be infested with fungal ergot , and so the mysteries may be explained by controlled ingestion of LSD -like hallucinogenic alkaloids present in ergot

54
Q

What did the medieval europe use as entheogen?

A

The solanaceous sps
1- henbane
2- belladonna
3- mandrake

55
Q

What did these solanaceous sps contain

A

Powerful deliriant tropane alkaloid, which induces a stage of oblivious delirium characterized by sensation of flying, perceptions of feats of prophecy, and transportation to far away places

56
Q

What were these solanaceous sps used for in

A

Fly
Travel far away places
Gain perception of feats of prophecy
Henbane and belladona was imp ingredient in potions and ointments for witches

57
Q

All these perceptions caused by solanaceous sps were due to…..

A

Tropane alkaloid intoxication

Biol 3290 (7 decks)

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