Pages 12-15 - Deterrents From Fungi And Plants Flashcards
1
Q
What are the deterrents from fungi and plants ?
A
Fungal antibiotics
Antibiotics from soil bacteria
Insecticides
2
Q
Lists the fungal antibiotics
A
Penicillin
Fusidic acid
3
Q
List the antibiotics from soil bacteria
A
Streptomycin
Vencomycin
Teixobactin
4
Q
List the insecticides
A
Tobacco
Pyrethrium
Neem
Rotenone
Mint oils
5
Q
What were fungal molds used for?
A
Treat wounds
6
Q
Which cultures used fungal molds?
A
Chinese medicine - Chines and North American indg groups.
7
Q
Which part or stage of fungi held antibacterial properties?
A
Contaminants of bacterial cultures
8
Q
Which scientist noticed the penicillin?
A
Scottist Bacteriologists in london noticed the potent antibiotic and isolated it
9
Q
Which scientist worked on the isolated pennicillin?
A
Howard florey, ernstchain and other scietists at oxfords university further researched over the chemical structure, therapeutic properties.
10
Q
Explain the relxn btw war and pennicillin
A
1941- 2IU/ml low penicillin
Deteriorating War forced the scientists to advance
1943- 3k iu/ml
Late 1943- used on allied troops in WWII
11
Q
First human trial were done from?
A
Crude extract from p.notatum but doses were very low 2iu/ml
12
Q
How was the penicillin taken by armies in late 1943?
A
2 methods
1- orally in pill form
2- intramuscular injections
13
Q
What was the disadv of taking penitent in pill form?
A
Had to take many
And larger doses
Crude extract produced unpleasant side effects
14
Q
What was the adv and disdv of taking penicillin through injection?
A
Very effective
Painful and causes allergic reactions
15
Q
Semi derivative were developed after …..
A
Wwii
16
Q
What were the semi derivative formed after WWII?
A
Penicillin G
Cloxacillin
Ampicillin
Ticarcillin
17
Q
Penicillin g
A
Treatment of Wider range of bacterial infection
18
Q
Cloxacillin
A
Most important
Resistant to b lactamase enzyme produced by penicillin resistant bacteria
19
Q
Ampicillin
A
Greater range
1st to be Effective again gram negative
20
Q
Ticarcillin
A
Treat difficult gram negative infections eg (pseudomonoas aeruginosa, stenotrephomonas maltophilia)
21
Q
Fusidic acid
A
Isolated from ascomycetes fungus in 1960
22
Q
Unlike penicillin fusidic acid is a?
A
bacteriostatic agnet but can also be used as antibacterual
23
Q
Define bacteriostatic agent
A
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis but does not kill bacteria directly
24
Q
How can fusidic acid be used as an anti bacterial agent?
A
Increasing microbial resistance to penicillin type antibiotic
25
Fusidic acid is effective against
Gram positive bacteria including penicillin resistant strains straphylococus aereus
Treats skim infections and joint infections
26
Fusidic ointment are liscenced in many countries
E, C, I ,J,A
Europe
Canada
India
Japan
Australia
Us - oral dosage for acute skin and joint infections are underdevelopment
27
List the antibiotics from soil bacteria
Streptomycin
Vancomycin
Teixobactin
28
When was antibiotics from soil needed
After bacterial resistance to penicillin
29
Streptomycin
Isolated from bacterial genus streptomyces
30
Vancomycin
Isolated from bacterial order actinomycetales
31
What lead to the discovery of teixobactin?
A new method for in situ culturing of soil bacteria lead to teixobactin
32
Teixobactin is from which soil bacteria?
Eleftheria terrae
33
Teixobactin effectivity
Toxic to gram pos but not gram neg
Harmless to mammalian tissues
34
List of insecticides
35
Tobacco
From solanacceous family native to tropical South America
36
Tobacco was used as ?
Stimulant drug
Insecticides- tobaccob wash for fruits
Insecticides - tobacco powder for cereal grains
37
What is the alkaloid in tobacco?
Nicotine
38
Nicotine
A broad spectrum , rapidly active insecticides highly dangerous to Insects and mammals
An acetylcholine receptor against (mimic)
39
Insecticides was extracted from tobacco by
Dry distillation
Water and organic solvents
Steam distillation
40
Black Leaf 40
40% of concentrated nicotine sulfate in US and used as spray dusts and aerosol vapours widely in Agriculture that is used insecticides to control parasites on poultry and sheep that leaves no residue on food
41
?tons produced in US
? Tons produced elsewhere
600 meters
225 meter
42
Another compound from tobacco that was used as insecticide was?
Neonicotine from anabasis aphylla
43
Why did the use of Neonicotine sulfate declined
It was realized for its high toxicity
Avalability of inexpensive synthetic organophosphate and organochloride insecticides
44
When did black leaf 40 cease
The us envr protection agency issued an order against the use of nicotine as an insecticide and in rodent control agents ; its used is also banned in Canada and Europe.
45
Which insect does the nicotine affects largely?
Aphids
46
Nicotine causses
Choline accumulation- > paralysis and death
47
Which one was more efficient? DDT or NICOTINE
At similar doses nicotine is more effective in controlling moth larvae
48
semi synthetic nicotine variants
Unsuccessful at first
1- Nithiazine - bcz they had the same mode of action as the nicotine but low toxicity, but couldnt be commercialized as it wasn’t photo stable
2- Neonicotinoids - stable field persistent water soluable neonicotinoids- First semi synthetic introduced
3- Imidacloprid - worlds widely used insecticide. Similar mode of action but way less toxic but some breakdown products are toxic.
49
Why are there concerns on nicotinoods
-Recent nicotinoid contain clothianidin and thiamethoxam that is reported highly detrimental on agriculture beneficial insects (bees and crop pollinators)
- envr persistent esp in wetlands and aquatic habitata
50
Necotinoid bann
EPA is still evaluating
Europe commision - restricted
51
Phytherium
The herbaceous composite (aster or asteraceae family) native to asia, widely cultivated in Africa and S. africa
52
Pytherium use as commercialized insecticides
Natural insecticides
Women commercialized it when they noticed dead insects around Tanacetum flowers
First commercialized in Europe then japan
Today most commercial production in in Africa , ecudar, austrailia
53
Which part is the insecticide accumulated
In the flower head , hand harvested
54
Pytherium was replaced by
DDT
55
Why was DDT banned ?
Very persistent with a half life from 1 moth to years - like neonicotinoid
High toxic to fishes, amohibians , invertebrates - eggshell thinning and reduced fecundity of predatory birds
56
What is the insectidal component in pyrethrium?
Pyrethrins
57
How does pyrethrins works
Neuron sensors blocker (axonic poison)
They keep the sodium channels open
Repeated firing of nerve cells
Paralysis
58
Cons and pros of using pyrethins
Biodegradable in days by light and oxygen
Less toxicity to birds and animal
High doses can be damng to human
Groundwater contamination should be avoided bcz toxic to fishes
59
Semi-synthetic pyrethins
Permethrin
Transfluthrin
60
Semi synthetic oyrethins
10x more fpeffctive
Pyrethrin and its analogue are highly in demand as natural insecticides
61
Pyrethrins and semi sythetics are used as
Insecticides
Control animal ectoparasites (flea collars and insectidal dips )
Also used in mosquito coils
62
Neem
The large fast growing tree native to indian subcontinent and widely planted in middle east , Africa and china
63
What envr conditions does neem survive in ?
Is frost-intolerant and so hot, arid environments and sandy soils
Tho it is very tolerant but thrives in more humid tropical regions
64
The hindu mythology considers neem
Neem of divine origin
65
Neem leaves were recovered from !
Archeological excavations
66
How was neem used in medicine
Neem leaves
Neem fruit
Neem oil
67
Neem leave sin medicine
Ayurvedic medicine
- chewed for general health
68
Neem tonics and teas
Treat fevers
Intestinal worms
Ulcers
69
Neem fruit
Treal leprosy
Intestinal worms
Urinary infection
70
Neem oil extracted from leaves and fruits
Treat skin problems
Leprosy
Ulcers
71
Neem twigs
Dental hygiene
72
Neem was used in medicine but also to ?
Deter insects
73
How was neem oil extracted?
Inefficiently using water as a solvent
74
How was neem realized as an insecticide
German scientist observed that neem trees were inaffected by locuts swarms
75
Once the properties of neems were realized why was the commercialization hampered?
To find methods of efficient extraction
Stabilize active ingredients
76
What led to the accisation of biopiracy in US on caster oil extraction
Use of ethyl ether, a lipophilic solvent
And whether lipophilic extraction it was an innovation - which is required for US patent law
77
Why were Indian markets of neem excluded from American market
American patent law doesn’t recognize oral traditions
78
Neem oil is high in demand in ?
Cosmetic industries
79
What are the active particles in neem
Tetracyclotriterpenoids known as limonoids
Particularly azadirachtin
80
The insectidal properties are in ?
Azadirachtin
81
How does arazachtin work ?
Doesnt kill insects directly
- inhibit normal insect growth and development
- block normal feeding patterns
- inhibits production
82
Azadirachtin is most effective against
1- insects
Locusts
Moths
Beetles
Aphids
Musquios
2- fungal
3- bacterial viral
4- nematode disease
83
Azadirachtin is harmful to mammals
False
Not harmful
84
With such great properties of neem,why is neem not as commercially successful?
Refined material is expensive to produce
Neem based insecticides are slow
Efficacy of neem varies greatly - eg azadirachtin effctive desert locus anti-feeding agent, but other pest are unaffected or become resistant easily
85
Neem is approved
Us, india, brazil
Not in canada , austrailia, europe countries
86
Leguminous vine have been used as
Fish poison
Insecticides
87
What are the sps that are used as fish poison and insecticides
Lonchocarous in amazonia
Derris in south east asia and pacific
Tephrosia in Africa
88
What is the active component in leguminous vines
Rotenon
89
Rotenon was isolated from which sps?
Lonchocarpus
90
Rotenon is concentrated in which part of the vine
Root and rhizomes
91
What part of the vine is used for fish poisoning
Crushed roots
92
How do crushed root poison fishes
Added to water
Inhibit of respiratory enzymes
93
Rotenon crushed roots are effective against……… but not against……..
Fishes
But not invertebrates and mammals
94
How does rotenon work as an insecticide?
It is a mitochondrial poison
Stops energy production by blocking ETC
Must be ingested by the insect
95
Most of the rotenone comes from
Venezuella and peru known as cube root there
96
In recent years rotenon is also used as
Piscicide to reclain lakes and ponds
Insecticides.p in organic farming
97
Essential oils
Mixture of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes
98
How are essential oil obtained
By steam distillation of aromatic plants (esp mints and eucalyptus) , cloves and other sps
99
What is essential oils mostly used for?
Falvor
Food
Aromatherapy
Medicine
Fumigant and contact insecticides - used in.p S. Europe and asia
100
Terpenoids are known as
Broad spectrum insect neurotoxin
101
Essential oils are nontoxic to
Mammals birds and fish
102
Which industry is essential oil widely used in ?
Food
Cosmetic
Medicine
Exempted from registration and regulation
103
Due to the exemption of registration an dregulation many companies are developing insecticides from
Essential oil mixture
- terpenoids from rosemary+ thyme+ cloves
104
Essential oil insecticide are mainly used in
Commercial greenhouse
To control insect and pest of farm animals and pets
