Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biol 3290 > Pages 12-15 - Deterrents From Fungi And Plants > Flashcards

Pages 12-15 - Deterrents From Fungi And Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What are the deterrents from fungi and plants ?

A

Fungal antibiotics
Antibiotics from soil bacteria
Insecticides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lists the fungal antibiotics

A

Penicillin
Fusidic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the antibiotics from soil bacteria

A

Streptomycin
Vencomycin
Teixobactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List the insecticides

A

Tobacco
Pyrethrium
Neem
Rotenone
Mint oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What were fungal molds used for?

A

Treat wounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which cultures used fungal molds?

A

Chinese medicine - Chines and North American indg groups.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which part or stage of fungi held antibacterial properties?

A

Contaminants of bacterial cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which scientist noticed the penicillin?

A

Scottist Bacteriologists in london noticed the potent antibiotic and isolated it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which scientist worked on the isolated pennicillin?

A

Howard florey, ernstchain and other scietists at oxfords university further researched over the chemical structure, therapeutic properties.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain the relxn btw war and pennicillin

A

1941- 2IU/ml low penicillin
Deteriorating War forced the scientists to advance
1943- 3k iu/ml
Late 1943- used on allied troops in WWII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

First human trial were done from?

A

Crude extract from p.notatum but doses were very low 2iu/ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How was the penicillin taken by armies in late 1943?

A

2 methods
1- orally in pill form
2- intramuscular injections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What was the disadv of taking penitent in pill form?

A

Had to take many
And larger doses
Crude extract produced unpleasant side effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What was the adv and disdv of taking penicillin through injection?

A

Very effective
Painful and causes allergic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Semi derivative were developed after …..

A

Wwii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What were the semi derivative formed after WWII?

A

Penicillin G
Cloxacillin
Ampicillin
Ticarcillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Penicillin g

A

Treatment of Wider range of bacterial infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cloxacillin

A

Most important
Resistant to b lactamase enzyme produced by penicillin resistant bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ampicillin

A

Greater range
1st to be Effective again gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ticarcillin

A

Treat difficult gram negative infections eg (pseudomonoas aeruginosa, stenotrephomonas maltophilia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fusidic acid

A

Isolated from ascomycetes fungus in 1960

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Unlike penicillin fusidic acid is a?

A

bacteriostatic agnet but can also be used as antibacterual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define bacteriostatic agent

A

Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis but does not kill bacteria directly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How can fusidic acid be used as an anti bacterial agent?

A

Increasing microbial resistance to penicillin type antibiotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Fusidic acid is effective against

A

Gram positive bacteria including penicillin resistant strains straphylococus aereus
Treats skim infections and joint infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Fusidic ointment are liscenced in many countries

A

E, C, I ,J,A
Europe
Canada
India
Japan
Australia
Us - oral dosage for acute skin and joint infections are underdevelopment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

List the antibiotics from soil bacteria

A

Streptomycin
Vancomycin
Teixobactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When was antibiotics from soil needed

A

After bacterial resistance to penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Streptomycin

A

Isolated from bacterial genus streptomyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Vancomycin

A

Isolated from bacterial order actinomycetales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What lead to the discovery of teixobactin?

A

A new method for in situ culturing of soil bacteria lead to teixobactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Teixobactin is from which soil bacteria?

A

Eleftheria terrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Teixobactin effectivity

A

Toxic to gram pos but not gram neg
Harmless to mammalian tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

List of insecticides

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Tobacco

A

From solanacceous family native to tropical South America

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Tobacco was used as ?

A

Stimulant drug
Insecticides- tobaccob wash for fruits
Insecticides - tobacco powder for cereal grains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the alkaloid in tobacco?

A

Nicotine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Nicotine

A

A broad spectrum , rapidly active insecticides highly dangerous to Insects and mammals
An acetylcholine receptor against (mimic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Insecticides was extracted from tobacco by

A

Dry distillation
Water and organic solvents
Steam distillation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Black Leaf 40

A

40% of concentrated nicotine sulfate in US and used as spray dusts and aerosol vapours widely in Agriculture that is used insecticides to control parasites on poultry and sheep that leaves no residue on food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

?tons produced in US
? Tons produced elsewhere

A

600 meters
225 meter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Another compound from tobacco that was used as insecticide was?

A

Neonicotine from anabasis aphylla

43
Q

Why did the use of Neonicotine sulfate declined

A

It was realized for its high toxicity
Avalability of inexpensive synthetic organophosphate and organochloride insecticides

44
Q

When did black leaf 40 cease

A

The us envr protection agency issued an order against the use of nicotine as an insecticide and in rodent control agents ; its used is also banned in Canada and Europe.

45
Q

Which insect does the nicotine affects largely?

A

Aphids

46
Q

Nicotine causses

A

Choline accumulation- > paralysis and death

47
Q

Which one was more efficient? DDT or NICOTINE

A

At similar doses nicotine is more effective in controlling moth larvae

48
Q

semi synthetic nicotine variants

A

Unsuccessful at first
1- Nithiazine - bcz they had the same mode of action as the nicotine but low toxicity, but couldnt be commercialized as it wasn’t photo stable
2- Neonicotinoids - stable field persistent water soluable neonicotinoids- First semi synthetic introduced
3- Imidacloprid - worlds widely used insecticide. Similar mode of action but way less toxic but some breakdown products are toxic.

49
Q

Why are there concerns on nicotinoods

A

-Recent nicotinoid contain clothianidin and thiamethoxam that is reported highly detrimental on agriculture beneficial insects (bees and crop pollinators)
- envr persistent esp in wetlands and aquatic habitata

50
Q

Necotinoid bann

A

EPA is still evaluating
Europe commision - restricted

51
Q

Phytherium

A

The herbaceous composite (aster or asteraceae family) native to asia, widely cultivated in Africa and S. africa

52
Q

Pytherium use as commercialized insecticides

A

Natural insecticides
Women commercialized it when they noticed dead insects around Tanacetum flowers
First commercialized in Europe then japan
Today most commercial production in in Africa , ecudar, austrailia

53
Q

Which part is the insecticide accumulated

A

In the flower head , hand harvested

54
Q

Pytherium was replaced by

A

DDT

55
Q

Why was DDT banned ?

A

Very persistent with a half life from 1 moth to years - like neonicotinoid
High toxic to fishes, amohibians , invertebrates - eggshell thinning and reduced fecundity of predatory birds

56
Q

What is the insectidal component in pyrethrium?

A

Pyrethrins

57
Q

How does pyrethrins works

A

Neuron sensors blocker (axonic poison)
They keep the sodium channels open
Repeated firing of nerve cells
Paralysis

58
Q

Cons and pros of using pyrethins

A

Biodegradable in days by light and oxygen
Less toxicity to birds and animal

High doses can be damng to human
Groundwater contamination should be avoided bcz toxic to fishes

59
Q

Semi-synthetic pyrethins

A

Permethrin
Transfluthrin

60
Q

Semi synthetic oyrethins

A

10x more fpeffctive
Pyrethrin and its analogue are highly in demand as natural insecticides

61
Q

Pyrethrins and semi sythetics are used as

A

Insecticides
Control animal ectoparasites (flea collars and insectidal dips )
Also used in mosquito coils

62
Q

Neem

A

The large fast growing tree native to indian subcontinent and widely planted in middle east , Africa and china

63
Q

What envr conditions does neem survive in ?

A

Is frost-intolerant and so hot, arid environments and sandy soils
Tho it is very tolerant but thrives in more humid tropical regions

64
Q

The hindu mythology considers neem

A

Neem of divine origin

65
Q

Neem leaves were recovered from !

A

Archeological excavations

66
Q

How was neem used in medicine

A

Neem leaves
Neem fruit
Neem oil

67
Q

Neem leave sin medicine

A

Ayurvedic medicine
- chewed for general health

68
Q

Neem tonics and teas

A

Treat fevers
Intestinal worms
Ulcers

69
Q

Neem fruit

A

Treal leprosy
Intestinal worms
Urinary infection

70
Q

Neem oil extracted from leaves and fruits

A

Treat skin problems
Leprosy
Ulcers

71
Q

Neem twigs

A

Dental hygiene

72
Q

Neem was used in medicine but also to ?

A

Deter insects

73
Q

How was neem oil extracted?

A

Inefficiently using water as a solvent

74
Q

How was neem realized as an insecticide

A

German scientist observed that neem trees were inaffected by locuts swarms

75
Q

Once the properties of neems were realized why was the commercialization hampered?

A

To find methods of efficient extraction
Stabilize active ingredients

76
Q

What led to the accisation of biopiracy in US on caster oil extraction

A

Use of ethyl ether, a lipophilic solvent
And whether lipophilic extraction it was an innovation - which is required for US patent law

77
Q

Why were Indian markets of neem excluded from American market

A

American patent law doesn’t recognize oral traditions

78
Q

Neem oil is high in demand in ?

A

Cosmetic industries

79
Q

What are the active particles in neem

A

Tetracyclotriterpenoids known as limonoids
Particularly azadirachtin

80
Q

The insectidal properties are in ?

A

Azadirachtin

81
Q

How does arazachtin work ?

A

Doesnt kill insects directly
- inhibit normal insect growth and development
- block normal feeding patterns
- inhibits production

82
Q

Azadirachtin is most effective against

A

1- insects
Locusts
Moths
Beetles
Aphids
Musquios
2- fungal
3- bacterial viral
4- nematode disease

83
Q

Azadirachtin is harmful to mammals

A

False
Not harmful

84
Q

With such great properties of neem,why is neem not as commercially successful?

A

Refined material is expensive to produce
Neem based insecticides are slow
Efficacy of neem varies greatly - eg azadirachtin effctive desert locus anti-feeding agent, but other pest are unaffected or become resistant easily

85
Q

Neem is approved

A

Us, india, brazil
Not in canada , austrailia, europe countries

86
Q

Leguminous vine have been used as

A

Fish poison
Insecticides

87
Q

What are the sps that are used as fish poison and insecticides

A

Lonchocarous in amazonia
Derris in south east asia and pacific
Tephrosia in Africa

88
Q

What is the active component in leguminous vines

A

Rotenon

89
Q

Rotenon was isolated from which sps?

A

Lonchocarpus

90
Q

Rotenon is concentrated in which part of the vine

A

Root and rhizomes

91
Q

What part of the vine is used for fish poisoning

A

Crushed roots

92
Q

How do crushed root poison fishes

A

Added to water
Inhibit of respiratory enzymes

93
Q

Rotenon crushed roots are effective against……… but not against……..

A

Fishes
But not invertebrates and mammals

94
Q

How does rotenon work as an insecticide?

A

It is a mitochondrial poison
Stops energy production by blocking ETC
Must be ingested by the insect

95
Q

Most of the rotenone comes from

A

Venezuella and peru known as cube root there

96
Q

In recent years rotenon is also used as

A

Piscicide to reclain lakes and ponds
Insecticides.p in organic farming

97
Q

Essential oils

A

Mixture of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes

98
Q

How are essential oil obtained

A

By steam distillation of aromatic plants (esp mints and eucalyptus) , cloves and other sps

99
Q

What is essential oils mostly used for?

A

Falvor
Food
Aromatherapy
Medicine
Fumigant and contact insecticides - used in.p S. Europe and asia

100
Q

Terpenoids are known as

A

Broad spectrum insect neurotoxin

101
Q

Essential oils are nontoxic to

A

Mammals birds and fish

102
Q

Which industry is essential oil widely used in ?

A

Food
Cosmetic
Medicine
Exempted from registration and regulation

103
Q

Due to the exemption of registration an dregulation many companies are developing insecticides from

A

Essential oil mixture
- terpenoids from rosemary+ thyme+ cloves

104
Q

Essential oil insecticide are mainly used in

A

Commercial greenhouse
To control insect and pest of farm animals and pets

Biol 3290 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions