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Question 1

This refers to the theory that was proposed by Ronald Akers with Robert Burgess in 1966. This variation of social learning theory argues that the primary learning mechanism is through differential association (instrumental conditioning) along with elements of psychological learning theory. Akers said that learning process, both for conforming and deviant behavior, is through direct conditioning, which is also called differential reinforcement. This occurs when behavior is reinforced by either reward or punishment. When behavior is punished, this is referred to as negative reinforcement. When a behavior is rewarded it is called positive reinforcement

Answer 1

Differential Reinforcement Theory

Question 2

This refers to a process of labeling that may produce a reevaluation of the self which reflects actual or perceived appraisals made by others

Answer 2

Differential Social Control

Question 3

This refers to individual’s membership in and relationship to primary, secondary, and reference groups such as the family, friendship/peer groups, leisure groups, colleagues, and work groups

Answer 3

Differential Social Location

Question 4

This refers to the idea that consistently applied social support may eventually negate or counterbalance the crime-producing influence of coercion

Answer 4

Differential Social Support and Coercion Theory

Question 5

This refers to the theory which focuses on the conditions within the urban environment that affect crime rates. Under this proposition, crime rates are linked to neighborhood ecological characteristics. It views crime-ridden neighborhoods as those in which residents are uninterested in community matters, therefore, the common sources of control - family, school, church-are- weak and disorganized. This theory was popularized by two Chicago sociologists, Henry D. Mckay and Clifford R. Shaw. They contended that criminals are not biologically inferior, intellectually impaired, or psychologically damaged. To them, neighborhood denigration and slum conditions are the primary causes of criminal behavior

Answer 5

Differential Social Disorganization Theory

Question 6

This refers to differential reinforcement, occurs when behavior is reinforced by being either rewarded or punished while interacting with others

Answer 6

Direct Conditioning

Question 7

This refers to an effect that occurs when an effort made to eliminate one type of crime also control others, because it reduces the value of criminal activity by limiting access to desirable agents

Answer 7

Discouragement

Question 8

This refers to any type of psychological problems, such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and conduct disorders

Answer 8

Disorder

Question 9

This refers to a condition wherein people who desire the benefits of crime may choose alternative targets, so that crime is not prevented but deflected or displaced

Answer 9

Displacement

Question 10

This refers to the negative feedback of law enforcement agencies, parents, friends, teachers, and other figures amplifies the force of the original label, stigmatized offenders may begin to re-evaluate their own identities

Answer 10

Dramatization of Evil

Question 11

This refers to a theoretical point of view which depicts human behaviour as centered around the purposeful management of interpersonal impressions.
This is also known as “Dramaturgy”

Answer 11

Dramaturgical Perspective

Question 12

This refers to the view that youths move in and out of delinquency and that their lifestyles can embrace both conventional and deviant values. This also refers to the movement from one extreme behavior to another, resulting in behavior that is sometimes unconventional, free or deviant and at other times constrained and sober.

Answer 12

Drift

Question 13

This refers to a theory that a crime in one instance may be caused by one or more factors, while in other instances is caused by another set of factors.

Answer 13

Eclectic Theory

Question 14

This refers to a type of objective approach that is concerned with the biotic grouping of men resulting to migration, competition, social discrimination, division of labor and social conflict as factors of crime

Answer 14

Ecological Approach

Question 15

This refers to the first attempt to apply official data and statistics to the issue of explaining criminality

This may also refer to a criminological theory that is sometimes referred to as “Statistical” “Geographic” or “Cartographic The labels geographical and cartographic fave been assigned due to the fact that writers in

Answer 15

Ecological Theory

Question 16

This refers to a type of objective approach that deals with the explanation of crime concerning security of inadequacy and other necessities to support life as factors to criminality

Answer 16

Economic Approach

Question 17

This refers to the conscious and the rational part of the mind, and it usually grows from the ld is part of the personality that must deal with conflicting demands of the id and Superego. It also represents problem-solving dimensions of the personality. It deals with the reality because it can differentiate reality from fantasy.
This is also known as the “Reality Principle”

Answer 17

Ego

Question 18

This refers to a condition characterized by conclusive seizure and tendency to mental deterioration. The seizure may result to extreme loss of consciousness.

Answer 18

Epilepsy

Question 19

This refers to the view that all individuals are equal at birth and are theater influenced by their environment

Answer 19

Equipotentiality

Question 20

This refers to the instinct to preserve and create life

Answer 20

Eros

Question 21

This refers to the term that characterizes social group based upon as a shared identity rooted in geographical, cultural, historical factors and migratory patterns

Answer 21

Ethnicity

Question 22

This refers to the study of groups of people in their natural setting, typically involving the researcher being present for extended periods of time in onder to collect data systematically about their daily activities and the meanings they attach to then

Answer 22

Ethnography

Question 23

This refers to the division of criminology which attempts to provide scientific analysis of the causes of crime. A man and his criminal behavior is the objetti interest in this study

Answer 23

Etiology of crime

Question 24

This refers to an approach to understanding crime that draws attention to the ways people develop over the course of their lives.

Answer 24

Evolutionary Ecology

Question 25

This refers to the theory which promotes that humans, like other animals, are parasites. Man is organism having an animalistic behavior that is dependent e other animals for survival. Thus, man kills and steal to live. It was advocated i Charles Darwin

Answer 25

Evolution Theory

Question 26

This refers to a feeling of unwarranted well-being and happiness.

Answer 26

Exaltation

Question 27

This refers to a person who is interested in people and things than ideas, values, and theories. He likes people being around them and being liked by them.

Answer 27

Extrovert

Question 28

This refers to daydreams, which is a form of physical flight as a temporary escape from frustration

Answer 28

Fantasy

Question 29

This refers to mental defectiveness which though not amounting to imbecily requires care, supervision and control of their own. They appear incapable of reason due to mental defectiveness

Answer 29

Feeble-Minded

Question 30

This refers to a theory which proposes that individuals calculate the consequences of his actions by weighing the pleasure (gain) and the pain (suffering) he would derive from doing the action This also refers to “Pleasure-and-Pain Principle.”

Answer 30

Felicific Calculus

Question 31

This refers to a developing intellectual approach which emphasizes gender issues in the subject matter of criminology.

Answer 31

Feminist Criminology

Question 32

This refers to a sextial attraction to objects, situations, or body parts not traditionally viewed as sexual

Answer 32

Fetishism

Question 33

This refers to an adult that exhibits behaviour traits characteristic of those encountered during infantile sexual development

Answer 33

Fixated

Question 34

This refers to a public identity that comes to embody a larger sense of threat and social insecurity.

Answer 34

Folk Devil

Question 35

This refers to the norms that have been written down and involve strict rules punishment of violators

Answer 35

Formal Norms

Question 36

This refers to the idea that human beings are free to choose one behavior or action over another.

Answer 36

Free Will

Question 37

This refers to a theory that holds that frustration, which is is natural consequence of lading is a root cause of crime Criminal behavior can be a form of adaptation when it results in stress reduction.

Answer 37

Frustration Aggression Theory

Question 38

This refers to a structuralism perspective, which argues that, although crime and deviance are problematic, they also serve a social function by contributing to the smooth running of the social system as a whole.

Answer 38

Functionalism

Question 39

This refers to the feeling of being upset or annoyed because of inability to change or achieve something.

Answer 39

Frustration