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CRIM 2 > Chapter 1 Reviewer > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Reviewer Flashcards

1
Q

It refers to visual examination of a problem or issue, noticing characteristics and patterns.

A

Observation

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2
Q

It refers to a verbal description of the problem or issue, noting how it impacts and relates to other events or factors. An explanation of why and how the issue or problem is a problem.

A

Statement of the Problem

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3
Q

refers to the development of potential explanations or solutions, educated and informed statements about the expected nature of the problem and relationships among the various components of the problem, specification of variables involved in the problem so that the potential explanation can be tested.

A

Formulation of Hypotheses

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4
Q

It refers to controlled manipulation of the variables to determine whether the hypotheses are supported

A

Testing of the Hypotheses Using Controlled Experimentation.

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5
Q

It refers, usually, to examination through involvement of statistics.

A

Analyses of Experimental Results

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6
Q

It refers to taking into account all the factors so that the researcher makes a conclusion about, and the nature of the problem or issue.

A

Interpretation of Data Obtained from the Testing and Analyses and the Formulation of a Conclusion

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7
Q

refers to providing information to the scientific community about your findings to help future researchers or to inform policy and practice.

A

Publication or Dissemination of Findings to Inform Interested Populations and Future Research

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8
Q

It believes criminal behavior can result from personality factors, psychiatric conditions or individual abnormality.

A

Individual positivism

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9
Q

can include political or economic conditions, as well as social pathology. This practice also believes that criminal behavior can vary based on different economic or political factors across regions. Adherents also believe that criminal behavior is treatable but not curable.

A

SOCIOLOGICAL POSITIVISM

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10
Q

focuses on placing the responsibility for criminal behavior directly on the person.

A

Individual positivism

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11
Q

focuses on linking criminal behavior to social conditions

A

SOCIOLOGICAL POSITIVISM

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12
Q

It includes the study of the relationship of physique, heredity, constitutionalism or body-type to crime.

A

Biological Positivism

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13
Q

It includes the study of the relationship of psychodynamics or psychoanalytic theory, behavioral learning theories and cognitive learning theories.

A

Psychological Positivism

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14
Q

includes the study of the relationship of social disorganization theory, Chicago school theory and anomie theory, differential association theory and others.

A

Social positivism

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15
Q

the first to theorize that crime was often the result of poor education

A

Plato

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16
Q

developed the idea that responses to crime should attempt to prevent future acts, both by the criminal and by others who might be inclined to commit crimes. Punishment for crime should serve as a deterrent to others.

A

Aristotle

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17
Q

It refers to the evaluation of a person’s personality or character through an examination of that person’s outward appearance.

A

Physiognomy Theory

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18
Q

first criminologist, examined patients during his medical practice and concluded that appearance and character were related.

A

Giambattista della Porta.

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19
Q

Swiss pastor who published his painstakingly detailed study of facial fragments in 1783. He concluded that one could determine criminal behavior through an examination of a person’s eyes, ears, nose, chin, and facial shape.

A

Johann Kaspar Lavater

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20
Q

He relate nature of the crime to personality of the individual or suggested a link between crime and physical appearance in his Handbook on Criminal Anthropology

A

Jacob Fries

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21
Q

This was a major departure from earlier beliefs that focused on the four humors as the source of emotions and behaviors:

A

Phrenology Theory

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22
Q

German neuroanatomist and physiologist who pioneered study of the human brain as the source of mental faculties, developed the practice of cranioscopy, a technique by which to infer behaviors and characteristics from external examination of the skull

A

Franz Joseph Gall

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23
Q

German physician and student of Gall, actually coined the term phrenology to replace cranioscopy

A

Johann Spurzheim

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24
Q

Body type theory is also called as

A

biological constitutional or genetic.

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25
Q

This theory is also called Criminal Anthropology Theory.

A

Body type and physique

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26
Q

He was the first to connect crime to human evolution.

A

Cesare Lombroso

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27
Q

developed his Physique Theory in his book Physique and Character published in 1921

A

Ernst Kretschmer

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28
Q

This type usually commits crime known as petty theft and fraud.

A

ASTHENIC TYPE

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29
Q

This type usually commits violent crimes.

A

ATHLETIC TYPE

30
Q

This type usually commits deception, fraud and violence.

A

PYKNIC TYPE

31
Q

Any person with this body type usually commits an offense against decency and morality.

A

DYSPLASTIC TYPE

32
Q

His first influential publication, Crime and the Man (1939)

A

Earnest Hooten

33
Q

developed and tested his classification system, known as Somatotyping

A

William H. Sheldon

34
Q

He associated body type (physique) to human temperament and created three classifications of somatotypes

A

William H. Sheldon

35
Q

This theory believes on the laws of inheritance.

A

Early Genetic Theories and Studies on Crime

36
Q

first proposed the idea that genetics and evolution both contribute to many human qualities including personality.

A

Charles Darwin

37
Q

propounded his Theory of Evolution in book On the Origin of Species published in 1859 which theorized that pangenesis explained the persistence of traits from one generation to the next.

A

Charles Darwin

38
Q

believed that criminal behavior is inherited or could be transferred by parents to their offspring

A

Charles Darwin

39
Q

known as the father of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

40
Q

developed his Theory of Eugenics in 1883.

A

Francis Galton

41
Q

It aims to produce more healthy and intelligent humans by persuading people with those traits to have more children.

A

Positive Eugenics

42
Q

It encourages the reproduction of the “more fit” which means that good or intelligent people are more favored to produce children.

A

Positive Eugenics

43
Q

aims to cut out traits that lead to suffering by limiting people with the traits from reproducing.

A

Negative Eugenics

44
Q

It discourages reproduction of the “less fit” which means that epilliptic, febbleminded couple or people are not allowed to produce children.

A

Negative Eugenics

45
Q

attempted to document that crime was a family trait.

A

Richard Dugdale

46
Q

published his study entitled, The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease and Heredity in 1877;

A

Richard Dugdale

47
Q

published his study entitled, The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness in 1912 that traced descendants of a man named Martin Kallikak

A

Henry Goddard

48
Q

Despite being pejorative, in its day the term was considered, along with idiot, imbecile, and moron, to be a relatively precise psychiatric classification.

A

FEEBLE-MINDED

49
Q

he discovered the descendants of Edwards presided over the New York Prison Commission which housed many of the Juke descendants

A

Albert Edward Winship

50
Q

conducted as follow-up about Jukes, and in 1916 published his research entitled The Jukes in 1915.

A

Arthur H. Estabrook

51
Q

studied 30 pairs of twins who were of the same sex.

A

Johannes Lange

52
Q

He found out that the chance of one twin engaging in criminal behavior when the other twin was criminal was 50% among the MZ twin pairs but only 20% among the DZ twin pairs.

A

Karl O. Christiansen

53
Q

Their research found out that MZ twins were more likely than DZ twins to both be involved in delinquent activity. Moreover, MZ twins reported more delinquent peers than did DZ twins.

A

David C. Rowe

54
Q

This research asks whether a child will exhibit traits of the adopted parents or of the biological parents.

A

Adoption Studies

55
Q

another hormone associated primarily with female reproductive processes, such as pregnancy and menstruation.

A

Progesterone

56
Q

first suggested a causal relationship between hormones and criminal behavior.

A

Schlapp and Smith

57
Q

discovered that high testosterone level in young males were associated with verbal aggression but not actual physical aggression while low testosterone level boys would tend not to protect their position, preferring to remain silent.

A

Schalling

58
Q

considered the male sex hormone.

A

Testosterone

59
Q

chemicals that transmit messages between brain cells, called neurons, and have a direct impact on the many functions of the brain, including those that affect emotions, learning, mood, and behavior.

A

Neurotransmitters

60
Q

which is associated with the body’s fight-or-flight
response;

A

Norepinephrine

61
Q

Which plays a role in thinking and learning, motivation, sleep, attention, and feelings of pleasure and reward

A

Dopamine

62
Q

which impacts many functions, such as steep, sex drive, anger, aggression, appetite, and metabolism

A

Serotonin

63
Q

state of having chronically reduced blood sugar caused by the excessive production of insulin

A

Hypoglycemia

64
Q

It refers to a plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena.

A

THEORY

65
Q

means making something occur or being the underlying reason why something happened.

A

Causation

66
Q

the act of causing or producing an effect or a result.

A

Causation

67
Q

Crime asserted a linkage between certain biological conditions and an increased tendency to engage in criminal behaviour.

A

Biological Theory

68
Q

practice in the field of criminology that focuses on studying the relationship between criminal behavior and any external factors.

A

Positivism

69
Q

approach that studies human behavior through the use of scientific method.

A

Positivism

70
Q

It attempts to explain the natural occurrences (phenomena) of the universe by using a logical, consistent, systematic method of investigation, information (data) collection, data analysis (hypothesis), testing (experiment), and refinement to arrive at a well-tested, well- documented explanation that is well-supported by evidence, called as theory.

A

Scientific Method

CRIM 2 (5 decks)

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