1st Notes Flashcards
It refers to a plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena.
Theory
It is a formal idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain [how and why] something happens.
Theory
Someone who develops an abstract idea or set of ideas about a particular subject in order to explain
Theorists
Is the act of causing or producing an effect or a result.
Causation
These theories are categorized within a paradigm called positivism (also known as determinism).
Biological Theory
crime attempt to explain behaviors contrary to societal expectations through examination of individual characteristics
Biological Theory
Physiognomy comes from the Greek word “physis” meaning _________, and “gnomon” meaning_________
Nature,
to judge or to interpret
It refers to the evaluation of a persons personality and character through an examination of that persons outward appearance.
Physiognomy Theory
a philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who lived during the period around 500 BCE may have been one of the first to advocate this practice, known as physiognomy.
Pythagoras
was a proponent of physiognomy, as were many other ancient Greeks.
Aristotle
first criminologist, examined patients during his medical practice and concluded that appearance and character were related. His book entitled “On Physiognomy”.
Giambattista della Porta
a swiss pastor who published his painstakingly detailed study of “facial fragments” in 1783.
Johann Kaspar Lavater
He concluded that one could determine criminal behavior through an examination of a person`s eyer, ears, nose, chin, and facial shape.
Johann Kaspar Lavater
relate nature of the crime to personality of the individual or suggested a link between crime and physical appearance in his handbook on “Criminal Anthropology”.
Jacob Fries
Phrenology comes from the Greek word “phren” meaning _______, “logos” meaning _________
Mind,
Knowledge
a German neuroanatomist and physiologist who pioneered study of the human brain as the source of mental faculties, developed the practice of cranioscopy, a technique by which to infer behaviors and characteristics from external examination of the skull
Franz Joseph Gall
German physician and student of Gall, actually coined the term phrenology to replace cranioscopy.
Johann Kaspar Spurzheim
He also expanded the map of the brain organs, developed a hierarchical system of the organs, and created a model “phrenology bust” that depicted the location of the brain organs.
Johann Kaspar Spurzheim
He was the first to connect crime to human evolution.
Cesare Lombroso
developed his Physique Theory in his book “Physique and Character” published in 1921
Ernst Kretschmer
Usually commits crime known as petty theft and fraud.
Asthenic Type
Usually commits violent crimes.
Athletic Type
Usually commits deception, fraud, violence.
Pyknic Type
Usually commits an offense against decency and morality.
Dysplastic or Mixed Type
His first influential publication, “Crime and the Man” (1939), documented his study of 14,000 prisoners and 3,000 nonprisoner controls in 10 states.
Earnest Hooten
He argued that the only way to solve crime was by eliminating people who were morally, mentally, or physically “unfit”, or by segregating them in an environment apart from the rest of society.
Earnest Hooten
in 1940`s, developed and tested his classification system, known as Somatotyping.
William Sheldon
Have a higher proportion of Digestive Tissue; and have a Viscerotonic Temperament. More likely to be mentally ill.
Endomorphs
Have a higher proportion of Muscular tissue; and have a Dionysian Temperament. More likely to engage crime.
Mesomorphs
Have a higher proportion of Nervous tissue; and have a Cerebrotonic Temperament. More likely to commit suicide.
Ectomorphs
First proposed the idea that genetics and evolution both contribute to many human qualities including personality.
Charles Darwin
propounded his Theory of Evolution in book On the Origin of Species published in 1859 which theorized that pangenesis explained the persistence of traits from one generation to the next.
Charles Darwin
He discussed transmission and development in his laws of inheritance, arguing that cells within bodies shed “gemmules” that carried specific traits from the parent organism to the subsequent generation.
Charles Darwin
Who is the Father of Genetics
Gregor Mendel
Who developed the Theory of Eugenics in 1883.
Francis Galton
encourages the reproduction of the “more fit” which means that good or intelligent people are more favored to produce children.
Positive Eugenics
discourages reproduction of the “less fit” which means that epilliptic, feebleminded couple or people are not allowed to produce children.
Negative Eugenics
published his study entitled, “The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease and Heredity” in 1877
Richard Dugdale
published his study entitled “The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness”
Henry H. Goddard
He also introduced the term Moron.
Henry H. Goddard
He discovered the descendants of Edwards presided over the New York Prison Commission which housed many of the Juke Descendants
Albert Edward Winship
conducted as follow-up about Jukes, and in 1916 published his research entitled “The Jukes in 1915”.
Arthur H. Estabrook
Is about people and focuses on the study of the human mind and behavior.
Psychology
referred to as Criminological Psychology which is the study of wills, thoughts, intentions, and reactions of criminals and all that partake in the criminal behavior.
Criminal Psychology
It also called “Forensic Psychiatry”
Criminal Psychiatry
refers to criminal intent. The literal translation from Latin is “guilty mind.”
Mens Rea
The plural of mens rea is ________
Mentes reae
the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.
Juxtaposition
refers to the state of mind statutorily required in order to convict a particular defendant of a particular crime
Mens Rea
refers to the act or omission that comprise the physical elements of a crime as required by statute.
Actus reus
It includes only a voluntary affirmative act, or an omission , causing a criminally proscribed result.
Actus reus
provides service – such as determination of competency to stand trial – to a court of law to facilitate the adjudicative process and provide treatment like medications and psychotherapy to criminals.
Forensic psychiatrist
is a sub-specialty of psychiatry and is related to criminology. It encompasses the interface between law and psychiatry.
Forensic Psychiatry
Criminal Psychologist also known as__________
Forensic psychologist
It is centered on the notion that an individual`s early childhood experience influences his or her likelihood for committing future crimes.
Psychodynamic Theory
Have expanded the work of Gabriel Tarde through behavior modeling and social learning.
Behavioral Theory
It suggests that an individual`s perception and how it is manifested affect his or her potential to commit crime.
Cognitive Theory
Refers to the psychology of mental or emotional forces or processes developing especially in early childhood and their effects on behavior and mental states.
Psychodynamics
- Refers to the psychology of mental or emotional forces or processes developing especially in early childhood and their effects on behavior and mental states.
Criminal Etiology
The history of Criminology dates back from the works of criminological thinkers or theorists.
Crime Causation Theories
