Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Phase 3A content > Paeds GI and Liver > Flashcards

Paeds GI and Liver Flashcards

1
Q

What is pyloric stenosis?

A

Thickening and narrowing of the pylorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When does pyloric stenosis present?

A

First 2-8 weeks of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the vomit like in pyloric stenosis?

A

Projectile vomit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is there projectile vomiting in pyloric stenosis?

A

Increasing peristaltic waves in the stomach
Food cannot pass to duodenum due to hypertrophy
Results in projectile vomiting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Findings on examination in pyloric stenosis?

A

Firm round mass in upper abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do blood gas results show in pyloric stenosis?

A

Hypochloric metabolic alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which investigation diagnoses pyloric stenosis?

A

Abdo USS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the management of pyloric stenosis?

A

Laparoscopic pylorotomy (incision in the smooth muscle of the pylorus to widen the canal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is infant colic?

A

Baby draws up their knees and is accompanied by inconsolable crying before passing wind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the clinical features of CMPA?

A

Symptoms 2 hours post feed
Pruritus
Erythema
Angioedema around lips
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Colicky pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is CMPA diagnosed?

A

Diagnosed clinically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Management of CMPA?

A

Hydrolysed formula milk
Soya milk (over 6months)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is intussuception?

A

Invagination of one part of the bowel into another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the consequences of intusseption?

A

Bowel obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When does intussuception commonly occur?

A

Ages 3months to 2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the clinical features of intussusception?

A

Paroxysmal colicky pain
Sudden onset of inconsolable crying episodes
Red current jelly stools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the stools like in intussuception?

A

Red current jelly stools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can be felt on examination in intussuception?

A

Sausage shaped abdo mass in the right upper quadrant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which part of the bowel does intussuception most commonly occur?

A

Ileocaecal valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the preferred method of diagnosis for intussuception?

A

USS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What signs can be seen on transverse plane with USS in intussuception?

A

Doughnut sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the management of intussuception?

A

Fluids
NG tube
Air or contrast enema to reduce intussuscepted bowel
Surgical reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Meckel’s diverticulum?

A

Remnant from the growing foetus of stomach or pancreas tissue, usually asymptomatic but can begin to secrete acid and form ulcers in the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Symptoms of meckel’s diverticulum?

A

Blood in the stoolS
Abdo pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the risk factors for acute apendicitis?
Genetics Caucasian More common in summer
26
What is the pathophysiology of appendicitis?
Direct luminal obstruction of the appendix Faecolith or impacted stool Bacteria accumulate cause acute inflammation Reduced venous drainage, and inflammation causing increased pressure and ischaemia of the appendix
27
Symptoms of appendicitis?
Anorexia Vomitting Abdo pain initially centrally then localising to the right hand side
28
Signs of appendicitis?
Rebound tenderness at mc burnleys point Rosving's sign (RIF pain on palpation of the LIF) Guarding
29
Which score is used for appendicitis?
RIFT
30
What investigations should be carried out in cases of suspected appendicitis?
Urinalysis (rule out UTI) Pregnancy test to rule out ectopic USS or CT if clinical features are inconclusive
31
What is Hirschsprung disease?
Impaired nerve supply to the distal portion of the colon This impacts peristalsis and can cause bowel obstruction.
32
What are the clinical features of hirschprungs?
Severe constipation Not passing meconium within 24 hours Abdo distention Bile stained vomit
33
What is the gold standard investigation for hirschprungs?
Rectal suction with biopsy of the submucosa
34
What is the management of Hirschprungs?
Resection of the bowel with impaired nerve supply
35
What are the most common causes of gastroenteritis?
Rotavirus Campylobacter Norovirus Adenovirus E.coli
36
Clinical features of gastroenteritis?
Loose/watery stool Vomiting Abdocramps/pain Mild fever
37
Management of gastroenteritis?
Assess how dehydrated the child is, in order to determine fluids
38
What must you not give in cases of gastroenteritis with diarrhoea?
Antidiarrhoeal agents as this prevents the excretion of the causative organisms.
39
What symptoms of gastroenteritis suggest an alternative diagnosis?
Temp above 38C Breathlessness or tachypnoea Altered GCS Blood/mucus in the stool
40
How do you assess weight loss in children whom you do not have a previous weight?
Calculate how much they should weigh based off age, and work out difference between that and current weight. (age +4) x2
41
Which fluids should be given in neonates?
10% glucose
42
What are the rules for maintenance fluid prescribing in paediatrics for a 24 hour period?
100ml/kg for first 10kg 50ml/kg for 10-20kg 20ml/kg for over 20kg Divide by 24 if you want per hour
43
What is the max amount of fluids that can be prescribed for girls?
2L
44
What is the max amount of fluids that can be prescribed for boys?
2.5L
45
What is the first line type of fluids for children?
0.9% saline plus 5% glucose
46
What are the features of 5% dehydration?
Reduced urine output Well ish but some signs Unsettled Normal skin Slightly sunken eyes Reduced tears Dry mouth
47
What are the features of 10% dehydration?
Lethargic and confused Unwellm Weak peripheral pulses Prolonged cap refil Cold extremities Pale and mottled Hypotension is late sign
48
How do you calculate the fluid deficit?
% dehydration x Weight (kg) x10
49
What is a fluid challenge?
5ml every 5 mins of squash to see if they can keep it down
50
Which part of the bowel does crohns affect?
Mouth to anus
51
What is the characteristic appearance of crohn's?
Transmural inflammation Discontinuous with skip lesions Non-caseating granulomatous inflammation Deep ulcers and fissures
52
What are the characteristic symptoms of crohns?
Abdo pain Diarrhoea Weight loss Oral lesions Uveitis Erythema nodosum
53
What are the extra intestinal features of crohns?
Erythema nodosum Oral lesions Perianal skin tags Uveitis Arthralgia
54
What investigations would you do for crohns?
Faecal calprotectin Stool sample (rule out infectious cause) Colonoscopy
55
Which drugs are used to maintain remission in crohns?
Azathioprine
56
What kind of diet should be encouraged to maintain remission in crohns?
Polymeric diet (liquid diet/entral diet)
57
Which part of the bowel does UC affect?
Colon
58
What are the findings in UC on histology?
Continuous ulcers Mucosal inflammation Crypt damage
59
How to treat mild UC?
Mesalazine
60
What are the symptoms of UC?
Rectal bleeding Diarrhowa Colicky pain Erythema nodosum Arthritis
61
What can be prescribed in children with constipation?
Movicol
62
What is kwashiorkor?
Deficiency of protein in the diet
63
What is marasmus?
Deficiency of all nutrients from the diet
64
Characteristic symptoms of kwashiorkor?
Stomach oedema Inability to gain weight or grow Oedema of hands and feet
65
What is the treatment of marasmus and kwashiorkor?
Slowly increasing calorie intake through several small meals. Multivitamins Protein supplements
66
What is coeliac disease?
Immunological respinse to gliadin
67
What are autoantibodies developed against in coeliac disease?
Tissue transglutaminase
68
What is the gold standard test for coeliac disease?
Duodenal biopsy
69
Common symptoms of coeliac disease?
Loose stools Steatorrhea Failure to thrive and weight loss
70
What is the cause of jaundice?
High levels of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood causing yellowing of the skin
71
When is jaundice considered normal?
2-14 days old
72
When is jaundice abnormal?
< 24 hours old jaunduce is always abnormal
73
When should you be concerned about the length of time jaundice is lasting?
Lasts longer than 2 weeks this can be pathological
74
What is the usual cause of jaundice less than 24 hours old?
Haemolysis
75
What is rhesus haemolytic disease?
Mum us Rh -ve and baby is +ve Blood mixing during delivery can cause haemolysis, leading to jaundice
76
How is rhesus haemolytic disease prevented?
Anti D at 28 weeks and after delivery
77
What is ABO incompatibility?
WHen mum is O and baby is either A or B. Mum can develop anti A or Anti B just by immune respinse to common pathogens These can pass across the placenta causing haemolysis in baby
78
Which test is used to diagnose ABO incompatibility?
Coombes test
79
What are the TORCH infections?
Toxoplasmosis Syphilis Parovirus Varicella zoster Rubella CMV Herpes/hepatitis
80
Other causes of jaundice in babies under 24 hours old?
TORCH ABO incompatibility G6PD deficiency Hereditary spherocytosis
81
What are the causes of jaundice between 2-14 days old?
Physiological jaundice due to liver not working as fast Breast milk jaundice (feeding difficulties leading to dehydration and impaired bilirubin elimination)
82
What are the causes of jaundice lasting longer than 2 weeks?
Breast milk jaundice Congenital hypothyroidism CF Biliary atresia
82
What are the causes of jaundice lasting longer than 2 weeks?
Breast milk jaundice Congenital hypothyroidism CF Biliary atresia
83
What is kernicterus?
Acute bilirubin encephalopathy
84
What is the pathophysiology of kernicterus?
Deposition of bilirubin in the basal ganglia and brainstem
85
Symptoms of kernicterus?
Seizures Hypertonia Opisthotonus (dramatic abnormal posture causing arched back)
86
What is the treatment for jaundice?
Phototherapy is first line
87
What is biliary atresia?
Obstruction or absence of the lumen in the bile duct. So CBD may be missing or even the gall bladder itself
88
What is the pathophysiology of biliary atresia?
Bile duct is blocked, leading to build up of bile back to the liver Increase pressure in the liver Causes unconjugated bilirubin to leak into the blood
89
Treatment for biliary atresia?
Kasai procedure (surgical treatment) Liver transplant
90
What is a choledochal cyst?
Congenital abnormality of the bile duct causing a swelling. Bile backs up into the liver
91
Symptoms of choledochal cyst?
Abdo mass Pain in RUQ Jaundice N&V Fever
92
What signs are seen on USS in intussuception?
Target sign
93
After starting phototherapy how often should serum bilirubin be checked?
Every 4-6 hours Can be lowere to 12 hours when bilirubin is stable

Phase 3A content (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions