Paeds: Competency Exam Deck Flashcards
According to Susan Leat’s criteria for refractive error management: When should you correct hyperopia in a:
- 1-4 yo
- 4-5 yo
- 5+ yo
and by how much should you correct them?
> +3.50. Correct to 1 Diopter less.
+2.50. 1D less.
+1.50. Full Rx.
According to Susan Leat’s criteria, when should you correct myopia in a 5+yo and by how much?
Any myopia. Full, near add if eso.
According to Susan Leat’s criteria, when should you correct anisometropia in a 3.5+yo and by how much?
> 1.00 anisometropia. Full correction.
When should you correct for astigmatism in a 2+ yo patient?
> /=1.50. Full correction.
When should you correct myopia in a 3-4+ yo and by how much?
> =-2.50. Full correction.
When should you correct for a hyperopia with esoT in a 3-4yo and by how much?
> =+1.50 (i.e. if patient has hyperopia + esoT, start correcting for it at smaller powers cf hyperopia alone)
NB: Give full correction that can be tolerated.
At what age is visual acuity expected to be fully developed (not necessarily 6/6 vision)?
around 3 years of age
When is 6/6 vision typically achieved?
5-6 years of age
Children with what kind of spherical equivalent and astigmatism in infancy are more likely to develop myopia by school-age?
Negative spherical equivalent and Against-the-Rule (x180) astigmatism
At what age does binocular interaction in the visual cortex appear?
4mo
At what age does convergence and accommodation reach close to adult levels?
6mo
By what age do eye movement abilities develop to adult levels?
By 1 year of age.
What is the axial length of the typical:
- neonatal/newborn eye
- adult eye
neonatal: 16.5mm
adult: 23.5mm
(most of the increase in axial length happens fairly early on, from what I’ve seen online children as young as 5yo can have axial lengths of like 22mm)
Name 3 red flags for poor vision upon observing 0-3yo patients
If no eye contact from a child > 6 months old
If large slow moving nystagmus
If slow eye movements
How do you perform Mohindra (near) retinoscopy?
50cm in a darkened room monocularly.
Neutralise the reflex then add:
- -0.75D for infants
- -1.25D for children over 2 years
When do you consider Mohindra retinoscopy?
when cycloplegia is contraindicated and as a supplementary refraction method (do not rely on this in isolation)
When should you only instill 0.5% cyclopentolate instead of the usual 1% (4)
Pale iris
Albinism
Down syndrome
Anybody under 6 months of age
When should you add tropicamide or phenylephrine to your 1% cyclopentolate drop? (1)
For very dark irises
How do you perform a blur function? (5 steps)
Step 1: Add +1.00-+1.50 over ret binocularly (monoc if asymmetrical VA)
Step 2: warn child of blur
Step 3: read letters + reduce size of letters while making it clearer (lowering plus)
Step 4: Reduce plus once errors are made
Step 5: Keep going until plateau or max plus to 6/6
What are the normal values for:
- Phoria D + N
- NPC
- NPA
Phoria: 3xp +/- 3 N + 1xp +/-1 D
NPC: 8/10 break/recovery (<5cm break in children)
NPA: 18-1/3 age +/-2 (avg) and 15-1/4 age (min)
What are the normal values for:
- PRA/NRA
- Acc facility with 2D flipper
- Verg facility with 3BI/12BO flipper
- ACA ratio
PRA/NRA: +/- 2.50D
Acc facility: 8cpm
Verg facility: 15cpm
ACA ratio: 4pd +/- 2pd
What are the normal values for PRC/NRC at
- near
- distance
near: BI >/= 10/16/10, BO >/= 10/16/10
distance: BI >/= -/6/4, BO >/= 10/10/10
What is:
- Sheard’s criterion
- Percival criterion
Sheards: reserve >/= 2 x phoria
Percival: Phoria = 1/3 reserve
List the major characteristics of:
- Convergence insufficiency
- Accommodative excess
- Divergence excess
- Accommodative spasm
C.I: n exo>D, reduced PRC and BO facility, remote NPC
AE: variable VA, no lag or lead, fail +ve facility
DE: D exo>N, reduced PRC@D, intermittent esoT
AS: reduced VA, lead, fail +ve facility
List the 4 management options for divergence excess
VT in office/home
Minus lens distance add (if too young/unwilling to do VT)
BI prism (compensatory)
Surgery for strab
What unique management option exists for accommodative spasm?
administering cyclo
List the 4 management options for divergence insufficiency
Identify etiology (refer MRI if recent onset/acquired)
Yoked prism
Vision therapy
BO prism (compensatory)
What are the 4 main concepts to remember regarding VIP skills?
Significant hyperopia (>+1.75) can add to a VIP delay
VIP (and other developmental) delays are better early reading predictors than IQ
VIP testing should be considered for prep to grade 3
VIP skills can be trained