CL - Contact Lens Complications - Week -1 Flashcards
What are the 4 broad causes of contact lens complications?
Inflammation (e.g. allergy, immune response)
Mechanical (e.g. rubbing, poor fit)
Microbiological (i.e. infection)
Hypoxia
What are 6 common risk multipliers for contact lens complications?
dry eye
male
smoker
extended wear
lifestyle
compliance
What should be covered in the history of a contact lens wearing patient? (10)
PC: VA? Photophobic? Pain?
Red?
Discharge?
Onset + duration?
EW?
Lens characteristics (type, age, replacement)
Care system (rub/rinse?)
Compliance
GH, Ocular medications (Rx + OTC)
Tap water/swimming/showering
What 3 dyes can we use to assess ocular surface damage?
Fluorescein (NaFl)
Rose Bengal
Lissamine Green
What do Rose bengal and lissamine green stain?
damaged cells and devitalized areas of the surface
Which is more toxic: rose bengal or lissamine green? How can we minimise discomfort for the more toxic dye?
Rose bengal is more toxic to the ocular surface and thus causes stinging. (can use topical anaesthetic to minimise discomfort)
How should we score ocular conditions on grading scales?
To the first decimal
How should we manage corneal staining if the cause of staining is infection, toxic, allergic or inflammatory?
treat the overall condition
How should we manage corneal staining if the cause is hypoxia?
increase Dk/t or decrease WT (wearing time)
What happens to a CL patient with epithelial loss?
nerve ends get exposed, resulting in pain
How long does superficial staining of the cornea take to heal? What about deep staining?
Superficial: 24 hours
Deep: 1-2 days
For how long should a patient cease contact lens wear if they have deep corneal staining?
2-4 days while treating the cause
How can we manage corneal staining if the stroma is affected?
consider prophylactic antibiotics (CHL 0.5%) (or aminoglycoside for better gram -ve cover)
How does the eye protect itself from infection? (3)
Cell shedding + wiping action of blnking
Irrigation by lacrimal secretions
Antimicrobial defenses (tear lysosoyme, immunoglobulins, anti-microbial peptides on ocular surface)
What does PEDAL stand for? (differentiating ulcer vs infiltrate)
Pain
Epithelial defect
Discharge
AC reaction
Location (central/paracentral)
(bonus: lid swelling/oedema)
How does the staining of an ulcer compare to infiltrate?
Ulcer: 1:1 staining defect/lesion ratio
Infiltrate: small staining
How does the level of conjunctival infection of an ulcer compare to infiltrate?
Ulcer: generalised conj injection
Infiltrate: sector skewed injection
How does the number of lesions in an ulcer compare to infiltrate?
Ulcer: usually single lesion
Infiltrate: can be multiple lesions
What microbe is most commonly responsible for MK?
Pseudomonas
How does pseudomonas aeruginosa cause damage? (2)
Exotoxins inhibit protein synthesis
Biofilm generation (glycocalyx; polysaccharide)
Where can you find acanthamoeba? (4)
Soil, air, fresh water, tap water
What percentage of keratitis is due to acanthamoeba? What percentage of acanthamoeba keratitis is due to contact lens wear?
<1%
85%
When is acanthamoeba keratitis often diagnosed?
When bacterial management not working (e.g. improving, but never getting better)
When must you refer any corneal lesion?
when the lesion is on the visual axis
How can you manage MK?
Fluoroquinolones - g15min loading, then g1hr