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Paeds Flashcards

1
Q

WHEN DO YOU USE A TRAUMA SPLINT

A

when a child has an avulsed permanent tooth

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2
Q

HOW LONG SHOULD A TRAUMA SPLINT BE ON FOR WHEN THE TOOTH WAS AVULSED OR EXTRUDED

A

2 weeks

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3
Q

ADVICE FOR PARENTS WHEN A TOOTH IS AVULSED

A 
keep tooth in milk or saliva
don't allow tooth to dry out
if there's debris - run under cold water for 10 seconds holding crown 
don't touch the root 
reimplant it quickly
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4
Q

WHAT MATERIAL IS THE WIRE USED IN TRUAMA SPLINT

A

0.6/0.3mm stainless steel

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5
Q

WHAT INSTURMENT IS USED TO BEND THE WIRE FOR A TRUAMA SPLINT

A

adams pliers

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6
Q

PROCEDURE OF A TRUMA SPLINT

A

cut wire to length of three teeth and bend
etch 3 teeth - frosted looking enamel
dry teeth
prime and bond
cure 20s
composite
sink wire in using tweezers and adjust - away from ging margin
thin covering of comp over wire using hand instrument
cure 20s
smooth composite and wire

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7
Q

WHY IS THE BENDING OF THE WIRE IMPORTANT

A

as it must stay as a passive appliance and not act as an ortho appliance

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8
Q

WHAT IS THE BEST WIRE METHOD FOR A TRAUMA SPLINT

A

composite wire

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9
Q

OTHER WIRE OPTIONS FOR TRAUMA SPLINT

A 
acrylic wire (thicker)
vacuum formed splint
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10
Q

WHAT DOES AVULSED MEAN

A

the tooth has been fully dislodged from the socket

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11
Q

WHAT CAN HAPPEN TO AN AVULSED TOOTH

A

hypoxia and necrosis of the pulp

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12
Q

IN WHICH CASES SHOULD A TRAUMA SPLINT BE ON FOR 4 WEEKS

A

luxation
apical/mid 3rd root fractures
dento-alveolar fracture

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13
Q

IN WHICH CASE WOULD A TRAUMA SPLINT BE REQUIRED FOR AN ADDITIONAL 4 WEEKS

A

breakdown/fracture of marginal bone

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14
Q

WHICH CASES WOULD EMAN A TRUAMA SPLINT IS REQUIRED FOR 4WEEKS - 4 MONTHS

A

cervical 1/3 root fracture

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15
Q

WHAT ARE EARLY MOUTH PROBLEMS

A

gingival cysts : Epstein’s pearls / Bohns nodules - keratin
neonatal/natal teeth
congenital epulis : cell proliferation at alveolar ridge
eruption cysts : blue

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16
Q

WHAT DOES SYSTEMIC DISTURBANCES OF CALCIFICATION CAUSE

A

enamel defects

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17
Q

WHAT DOES A DIFFICULT PRENANCY / DIFFICULT BIRTH CAUSE IN TEETH

A

non-inheritied congenital primary dentition defects

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18
Q

WHAT ARE THE CALCIFICATIONS OF DEVEOPING TEETH AT BIRTH

A 
A = 1/2
B - 1/3 
D = 1/2 
C = tip
E = 1/3 
6 = tip of cusps
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19
Q

WHAT IS THE STAGES OF THE TOOTH ERUPTION PROCESS

A

cellular proliferation at apex
localised change in blood/hydrostatic pressure
metabolic activity in PDL
resorption of overlying hard tissue - dental follicle enzymes
stops when tooth contacts something

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20
Q

WHY DOES TOOTH ERUPTION HAPPEN ALL THROUGH LIFE

A

to compensate for vertical growth of jaws and toothwear

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21
Q

WHICH JAWS TEETH ERUPT FIRST

WHAT ARE THE EXCEPTIONS

A

lower

except B and 5

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22
Q

HOW SOON DO THE CONTRALATERAL TEETH ERUPT WITHIN EACHOTHER IN PRIMARY JAW

A

3 months

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23
Q

WHEN IS THE PRIMARY DENTITION COMPLETE

A

2.5-3 years old

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24
Q

WHAT IS THE ERUPTION SEQUENCE OF PRIMARY TEETH

A

ABDCE

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25
Q

WHEN DO THE As ERUPT

A

4-6months (0 years old)

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26
Q

WHEN DO THE Bs ERUPT

A

7-16 months(0.5-1.5 years old)

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27
Q

WHEN DO THE Ds ERUPT

A

13-19 months (1 year old)

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28
Q

WHEN DO THE Cs ERUPT

A

16-22 months (1 years old)

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29
Q

WHEN DO THE Es ERUPT

A

15-33 months (1-2years old)

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30
Q

PRIMARY CROWNS COMPARED TO PERMANENT

A

whiter, wider M-D molars, smaller

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31
Q

PRIMARY ROOTS COMPARED TO PERMANENT

A

narrower
longer
flare apically

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32
Q

PRIMARY ROOT CANALS COMPARED TO PERMANENT

A

ribbon shaped

multi interconnecting and accessory canals = impossible to fully clean

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33
Q

PRIMARY ENAMEL COMPARED TO PERMANENT

A

thinner

consistent thickness all over

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34
Q

PRIMARY DENTINE COMPARED TO PERMANENT

A

coronal dentine much thinner

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35
Q

PRIMARY OCCLUSION COMPARED TO PERMANENT

A

should have anterior spacing so permanents wont be crowded
anthropoid/primate spacing = M to upper canines and D to lower canines
leeway space = extra M-D space on molars (1.5mm upper, 2.5mm lower)

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36
Q

PRIMARY ROOT FORMANTION (APEXOGENESIS) COMPARED TO PERMANENT

A

1.5 years compared to 3 years

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37
Q

PRIMARY ARCH LENGTH COMPARED TO PERMANENT

A

primary arch ends where permanent molars would start

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38
Q

PRIMARY OVERJET COMPARED TO PERMANENT

A

reduced

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39
Q

PRIMARY INCISORS COMPARED TO PERMANENT

A

more upright instead of reclined like permanents

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40
Q

PRIMARY CENTRAL INCISORS TOOTH MORPHOLOGY

A

root bends distally

mesial edge straighter than distal

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41
Q

HOW TO TELL UPPER AND LOWER PRIMARY CENTRAL INCISORS APART

A

upper are wider and less symmetrical M-D = easier to tell if its L/R
root flares DISTALLY

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42
Q

PRIMARY CANINES TOOTH MORPHOLOGY

A

mesial edge straighter - distal one flares straight after ADJ

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43
Q

HOW TO TELL UPPER AND LOWER PRIMARY CANINES APART

A

upper are more bulbous compared

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44
Q

UPPER FIRST PRIMARY MOLAR MORPHOLOGY

A

looks like no other tooth
prominent MB tubercle
squarer occlusally than lower

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45
Q

LOWER FIRST PRIMARY MOLAR TOOTH MORPHOLOGY

A

prominent MB tubercle

more rectangle occlusally than upper (more leeway space needed for lowers)

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46
Q

UPPER SECOND PRIMARY MOLAR MORPHOLOGY

A

transverse ridge MP -> DB

3 roots 2 B and 1 P

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47
Q

LOWER SECOND PRIMARY MOLAR MORPHOLOGY

A

3 buccal cusps

like FPMS

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48
Q

WHAT AGE IS MIXED DENTITION

A

6-11

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49
Q

WHICH TOOTH ERUPTS FIRST

A

lower FPMs

50
Q

WHICH TOOTH ERUPTS LAST

51
Q

WHICH TEETH COME IN AT AGE 10

52
Q

ERUPTION SEQUENCE OF UPPER ARCH

53
Q

ERUTPION SEQUENCE OF LOWERS

54
Q

WHAT AGE DOSE THE UPPER 6S COME IN

55
Q

WHAT AGE DO THE UPPER 1S COME IN

56
Q

WHAT AGE DO THE UPPER 2S COME IN

57
Q

WHAT AGE DO THE UPPER 4S COME IN

58
Q

WHAT AGE DO THE UPPER 5S COME IN

59
Q

WHAT AGE DO THE UPPER 3S COME IN

60
Q

WHAT AGE DO THE UPPER 7S COME IN

61
Q

WHAT AGE DO THE LOWER 6S COME IN

62
Q

WHAT AGE DO THE LOWER 1S COME IN

63
Q

WHAT AGE DO THE LOWER 2S COME IN

64
Q

WHAT AGE DO THE LOWER 3S COME IN

65
Q

WHAT AGE DO THE LOWER 4S COME IN

66
Q

WHAT AGE DO THE LOWER 5S COME IN

67
Q

WHAT AGE DO THE LOWER 7S COME IN

68
Q

WHICH AGE DO NO TEETH COME IN FOR THE UPPER

69
Q

WHICH AGES DO NO TEETH OME IN FOR THE LOWER

70
Q

WHAT CAUSES AND INCREASED ANTRO-POSTERIOR ARCH LENGTH WHEN THE PERMANENT TEETH COME IN

A

the incisors come in at a more proclined position

71
Q

WHAT IS THE UGLY DUCKING PHASE

A

transient spacing of the permanent incisors when the first come in caused by the unerupted canines
both facing distally
sorts out when canines erupt

72
Q

WHAT ARE OPERATIVE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHILDRENA AND ADULTS

A 
coop -maturity - behaviour 
access 
tooth size and shape 
restorative material choices
preventative care 
constant change : developing dentition
73
Q

WHEN IS LA NOT REQUIRED IN CHILDREN RESTORATIONS

A

minimal cavity that can be hand excavated or just the slow speed

74
Q

WHATS THE ONLY TIME YOU REMOVE THE TRANSVERSE RIDGE OF THE UPPER E

A

when its undermined by caries - other wise keep it

75
Q

HOW WIDE CAN OCCLUSAL CAVITITIES BE IN KIDS

A

just remove pits and fissures

1.5mm - width of bur

76
Q

HOW DO YOU PREPARE A PROXIMAL CAVITY IN CHILDREN

A

occlusal prep
extend proximally creating isthmus and drop box down creating gingival floor - clear step
clear contacts

77
Q

WHAT MATERIAL IS USED TO RESTORE CERVICAL CARIES ON AN INCISOR

A

GIC - cover with Vaseline(moisture control)

/compomer

78
Q

WHAT MATERIAL IS USED TO REPLACE INTERPROXIMAL INCISOR CARIES

A

composite

compomer

79
Q

WHAT ARE BOARD SEPARATORS FOR

A

tooth separation

can be before hall crown

80
Q

HOW TO BOARD SEPARATORS WORK

A

floss them in and then see patient 3-5 days later

should fall out or be taken out

81
Q

RULES TO GET A HALL CROWN

A

no pupal involvement = xray

sufficient tissue left to retain crown

82
Q

WHAT SHOULD THE FIT OF A HALL CROWN BE

A

below the gingival margins / below margins of cavitation

83
Q

HALL CROWN PROCEDURE

A 
choose crown
try in 
GI luting cement 
dry tooth 
crown over tooth palatal to buccal 
partially seat and either hold with finger / let child bite in it and hold for 2-3 mins 
remove cement from margins
84
Q

WHY MUST THE HALL CROWN BE HELD FOR 2-3 MINS

A

to prevent any springing back which would remove GIC from margins and reduce effective seal

85
Q

WHAT TO REASSURE PARENT AND CHILD ABOUT AFTER PREFROMED METAL CROWN

A

gingiva which is normal and will adjust
meant to be tight
used to it in 24hours
occlusion adjusts in a few weeks

86
Q

STAINLESS STEEL CROWN TECHNIQUE TOOTH PREP

A

remove contact - knife edged
reduce occlusally 2mm - no more than 5mm
smooth corners

87
Q

WHAT PLIERS ARE USED TO CONTOUR SS CROWNS

A

crown crimping pliers

88
Q

COMMON PROBLEMS WITH PREFORMED METAL CROWNS

A

rocking - crown not fitting tooth - adjust prep
canting - uneven reduction of occlusal surface
loss of space - not enough space

89
Q

MINOR FAILURES OF PREFORMED CROWNS

A

new/secondary caries
filling or crown lost/ needs intervention
restoration lost but restorable
reversible pulpitis treated without pulpotomy / extraction

90
Q

MAJOR FAILURES OF PREFORMED CROWNS

A

irreversible pulpitis or abcess = pulpotomy / extraction
filling lost tooth unrestorable
interradicular radiolucency

91
Q

SPLIT DAM TECHNIQUE

A

floss clamp
clamp tooth
2 holes 1cm apart - scissors to connect them
dam over clamp - hold anteriorly with widget
frame

92
Q

WHAT TO CONSIDER WHEN DECIDING IF YOU SHOULD RESTORE A TOOTH OR NOT

A

longevity and cooperation

93
Q

TYPES OF SPACE MAINTAINERS

A

band and loop - when tooth lost early

distal show retainer

94
Q

WHAT DOES HYPOMINERALISED MEAN

A

disturbed enamel formation - all the enamel is present but has lesser mineral content - looks different

95
Q

WHAT DOES HYPOPLASTIC MEAN

A

normal mineral content but not all enamel there

96
Q

EFFECT OF MIIH ON THE PULP

A

more BV - bring immune cells
more immune cells
more nervous tissue

97
Q

CLINICAL EFFECT OF MIH

A

loss of tooth substance has greater effect : tooth wear, secondary caries, breakdown enamel
sensitivity
appearence

98
Q

WHAT TYPES OF PAIN ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MIH

A

central sensitisation
dentine hyper sensitivity
peripheral sensitivity - pulp

99
Q

CAUSE OF MIH

A

unknown - but critical point of enamel development = 1st year of life so consider
pre-natal - preeclampsia / gestational diabetes
perinatal - birth trauma
post natal - prolonged breast feeding / childhood infections

100
Q

HOW TO TREAT MIH MOLARS

A

comp/GI restorations
SS crowns
adhesively retained copings
extract

101
Q

WHY SHOULD LOWER 6S WITH BAD MIH BE REMOVED AGE 8.5-9.5

A

as this is when there is calcification of the 7s bifurcation = 6s removed and 7s will tip into 6 place and look normal
doesn’t matter when in uppers it will just happen

102
Q

HOW TO TREAT MIH INCISORS

A 
acid pumice microabraison 
resin infiltration
external bleaching 
localised comp placement 
combination of above 
full veneers in composite - change to porcelain when 20 and ging margin calmed down
103
Q

WHAT IS THE JAW RELATIONSHIP AT BIRTH

A

gum pads separated anteriorly - cant close mouth

tongue touches lip - changes

104
Q

WHAT ARE THE 5 FACTORS IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF A CHILDS DEVELOPMENT

A 
social 
cognitive 
motor 
language 
perceptual
105
Q

WHAT ARE THE 4 STAGES OF A CHILDS COGNITIVE DEVELOMENT

A

sensorimotor
preoperational thought
concrete options
formal operations

106
Q

WHAT IS A DENTALLY RELEVANT DISORDER OF SPEECH AND LANGUAGE

A

cleft lip/palate : cleft speech

107
Q

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF CLEFT SPEECH

A

oro-nasal fistula
velopharyngeal incompetence
nasal emission, articulation and resonance

108
Q

HOW IS CELFT SPEECH TREATED

A 
other surgeries 
different bottle teets 
articulation therapy 
communication support 
input modelling 
early intervention
109
Q

THINGS TO DO WITH A CHILD IN DENTAL SURGERY

A 
explain 
validate their feeling but try to move forward with them 
give them control 
be empathetic 
get the parent involves - sit on knee 
language alternatives 
give them a chnace to speak
110
Q

WHEN WORKING OUT AGE OF A CHILD BASED ON PICTURES WHAT TO LOOK FOR

A 
FPMS =6
incisors lower = 6
incisors upper 1 lower 2 =7 
incisors upper 2 = 8
lower canine = 9
premolars (lower 2 can = 11) = 10
upper canine = 11
molars 7s = 12 
molars 8s = 16-25
111
Q

WHAT DOES THE FACE DEVELOP FROM

A

pharyngeal arches

112
Q

WHICH CLEFT CAN BE BILATERAL/UNILATERAL

A

lip

palate can only be in middle

113
Q

WHAT CAUSES CLEFT LIP

A

failure of fusion of the maxillary prominence with the medial nasal processes

114
Q

WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF MEDIAN CLEFT LIP

A

failure of the 2 medial nasal process to fuse

115
Q

WHICH CLEFT IS MORE LIKELY IN MALES

116
Q

WHICH CLEFT ID MORE LIKELY IN FEMALES

117
Q

WHAT CAUSES CLEFT PALATE

A

failure of the 2 palatal shelves to fuse at midline

118
Q

WHICH CELFT IS EASIER SEEN EARLIER ON ULTRASOUND

A

lip at 20 weeks

119
Q

WHAT TIME CAN YOU DO EARLY INTERVENTION FOR CLEFT LIP

A

3-6 months

120
Q

WHAT TIME CAN YOU DO EARLY INTERVENTION FOR CLEFT PALATE

A

6-12 months

121
Q

WHAT ISSUES DOES CLEFT CAUSE THAT ARE HARD TO SOLVE

A

breastfeeding - cant form seal
hearing issues / more vulnerable to ear infections
dental/speech problems
teeth don’t develop correctly

OSCE (14 decks)

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