Paediatrics Flashcards
Turners syndrome clinical features and cause?
Primary amenorrhea Wide, webbed neck Wide spaced nipples Failure to develop secondary sexual charecteristics One X chromosome only
What is Prada-Willi syndrome?
Prada-Willi syndrome is a complex genetic disorder that presents in childhood with hypotonia, developmental delay, learning disability, behavioural problems, hyperphagia and obesity
What is Perthes disease?
Perthes disease. This condition most commonly affects males between the ages of 5 and 10. It is caused by avascular necrosis of the femoral head, leading to abnormal growth of the epiphysis and eventual remodelling of the bone.
Perthes disease typically presents with pain in the hip or knee (referred) causing a limp. Clinical examination usually reveals a reduced range of motion in the affected hip joint, particularly abduction and internal rotation.
Early X-rays (frog lateral) may reveal a widened hip joint space and later changes may include a reduction in the size of the nuclear femoral head with patchy density. In late-stage disease, collapse and deformity of the femoral head may be noted.
What is slipped upper femoral epiphysis?
(SUFE) typically affects obese children over the age of 9.
Presenting features can include hip/groin discomfort or severe pain with an associated limp or inability to weight bear.
Clinical examination often reveals a significantly reduced range of hip joint motion due to pain, particularly abduction and internal rotation.(similar examination to perthes disease)
What is juvenile idiopathic arthritis?
(JIA), the most common chronic inflammatory disease in children. It is characterised by persistent joint swelling and pain that persists for longer than 6 weeks, in the absence of any infection or other explanation for the symptoms.
JIA typically results in ‘gelling’ in which the joint becomes stiff after periods of rest, with stiffness usually worse in the morning. Later in the course of the condition, the joint can become more obviously swollen and inflamed, and the limb can lengthen as a result. Note that JIA may also be known as ‘Still’s disease’ and be associated with classical systemic symptoms including a fever and salmon pink rash (referred to as the ‘Koebner’ phenomenon’). However, the condition is not always systemic and may just involve arthritic features.
What is Osgood-Schlatter disease?
inflammation of the cartilage and bone at the point of patella tendon insertion at the knee. This usually presents in adolescent males who undertake sports requiring lots of quadriceps use such as football and basketball. Knee pain is usually worsened by running/jumping, relieved by rest and localised to the tibial tuberosity. It is bilateral in around 25-50% of cases.
Phases of whooping cough?
catarrhal phase (characterised by coryzal features) paroxysmal phase (characterised by episodes of dry coughing lasting several minutes followed by an inspiratory ‘whoop’, facial redness and sometimes vomiting) convalescent phase (characterised by a chronic cough – termed the ‘100-day cough’).
How does epiglottis present?
This condition usually presents in children aged 2-5 years with sore throat, fever, ‘hot-potato’ voice, drooling and odynophagia.
What is irritable hip?
Irritable hip is a common childhood condition that causes symptoms such
as hip pain and limping. Doctors sometimes refer to irritable hip as transient or toxic
synovitis. The exact cause is unknown but irritable hip often follows a viral infection or an
episode of minor trauma such as a bump, knock, or fall.
What investigations are required in irritable hip?
To make sure your child receives the correct treatment other possible causes for the hip pain need to be excluded (ruled out). This is because irritable hip shares the symptoms of more serious hip conditions, such as septic arthritis (an infection inside the hip) or Perthe’s disease. Investigations and tests a child may have: Physical examination to check the range of movement in the hip to determine the seriousness of the condition. X-rays to exclude abnormality in the bone. Blood tests to look for evidence of bone or joint infection. MRI scan if a child’s condition does not improve.
Initial management of croup?
Oral dexamethasone (0.15mg/kg)
What does stridor at rest suggest?
Severe croup - warrents ugrent hospital admission
Epiglotitis clinifcal features?
drooling dysphagia distress (tripoding) DO NOT EXAMINE THROAT
Scarlet fever symptoms?
sandpaper rash
croizal symptoms
malaise
fever
First line antidepressant for under 18s?
Fluoxetine
