Health promotion

Question 1

How is NNT calculated?

Answer 1

1/ARR

Question 2

In relation to the line of effect, how should significant studies fall?

Answer 2

They should not cross the line of effect

Question 3

What is sensitivity?

Answer 3

Proportion of people with the condition who will have a positive result.
a/(a+c)

Question 4

What is specificity?

Answer 4

Proportion of people without the disease who will have a negative test result?
d/(b+d)
e.g. covid tests have high specificity

Question 5

What is positive predictive value?

Answer 5

Proportion of people who test positive who actually have the disease

Question 6

What is negative predictive value?

Answer 6

Proportion of people with a positive test who actually have the disease.

Question 7

What is the Hawthorne effect?

Answer 7

Occurs when participants of a study are aware they are being examined and as a result change their behaviour

Question 8

What kind of study is most appropriate to assess current prevalance in a population?

Answer 8

Cross-sectional study

Gives snapshot of population at given time

Question 9

What is the most sensitive ECG finding for pericarditis?

Answer 9

Widespread saddle shaped ST elevation

ie. If a patient has this they more than likely have pericarditis

Question 10

What is the most specific ECG finding for pericarditis?

Answer 10

PR segment depression

i.e. if a patient does not have this they more than likely do not have pericarditis

Question 11

Why has the patient presented now?

Answer 11

1. Health beliefs (lay referal, ICE, definitions of health)
2. Increased severity of symptoms
3. New symptoms

Question 12

What is the NPV of D-dimer in PE?

Answer 12

High

Low d-dimer practically excludes PE

Question 13

What is the PPV of D dimer in PE?

Answer 13

Low

As a high PPV does not necessarily indicate PE, a number of other conditions can raise it

Question 14

34 year old male with known ADPKD and HTN presenting with symptoms of non-infective meningism, including a hyperacute onset thunder-clap occipital headache which is atraumatic. Examination revealed tachycardia, Stage 2 HTN, neckstiffness, photophobia and blalotable kidneys.

Answer 14

1. itchy rash on buttocks - acute, puritis - symetical, vesicular, excorations
2. abdominal discomfort - chronic - non specific
3. weight loss - chronic (longerstanding)
4. bgx hypothyroidism - hashimotos - vitaligo - autoimmune + thyroid
5. takes levothyroxine