Paediatric ENT

Question 1

How are children screened for deafness?

Answer 1

Automated ABR screening shortly after birth

Question 2

What are the acquired causes of pre-natal deafness?

Answer 2

Aquired - toxoplasma, rubella, CMV

Question 3

What are the acquired causes of peri-natal Deafness?

Answer 3

Aquired - SCBU babies with hypoxia, Kernictus

Question 4

What are the acquired causes of peri-natal deafness?

Answer 4

meningitis, head injury, ototoxic drugs

Question 5

What are the syndromes which can cause congenital deafness?

Answer 5

Usher’s
Pendred’s
Sickler’s
Lange-Nielssen

Question 6

What are the non-syndromic congenital causes of deafness?

Answer 6

This is where deafness is an isolated feature and not part of a wider syndrome and may be due to single gene mutations

Question 7

What is the medical term for ‘glue ear’ and what causes it?

Answer 7

Otitis media with effusion and it caused by fluid in the middle ear, usually after a URTI. These are extremely commonly and rarely need intervention

Question 8

When would Otitis media with effusion be treated and what is the treatment of choice?

Answer 8

If the fluid is causing measurable speech and language developmental delays or there’re symptoms for more than 3 months it may be treated with grommets +/- adenectomy

Question 9

What are the SIGN guidelines for considering tonsillectomy in children?

Answer 9

tonsillitis episodes 5 a year for 2 years or 7 in one year

Question 10

What is the most effective treatment for school-age children suffering from allergic-rhinorrhoea/

Answer 10

Steroid nasal spray and perhaps a non-drowsy anti-histamine

Question 11

What is the most common cause of acute stridor in children?

Answer 11

Croup (may also be inhaled foreign body)

Question 12

What is the most common cause for chronic stridor in children and what other causes may be considered?

Answer 12

Usually Laryngomalacia

may also be subglottic stenosis, tracheal stenosis or haemangioma

Question 13

What is the most common offending pathogen in croup?

Answer 13

Parainfluenza

Question 14

What is the offending pathogen in acute epiglottitis?

Answer 14

H influenzae

Question 15

What is the management in acute epiglottitis?

Answer 15

This is an emergency.
Stay calm and do not try to look at the throat, this can cause laryngeal oedema and cause obstruction.
Phone for senior anaesthetic help immediately. Experienced nurses will have seen this before and show be hailed quickly for support in keeping child and parent calm. Give oxygen and IV chloramphenicol

Question 16

What are the causes of impaired hearing in a child?

Answer 16

Conductive - Acute otitis media with effusion, foregone body, wax

Sensorineural - Congenital Infection, Prematurity, Meningitis, genetic

Question 17

What are the 3 most common causes of nose bleeds in children?

Answer 17

Trauma
Nose picking
Bleeding disorders