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Pediatrics > Paediatric Cardiology > Flashcards

Paediatric Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

where does the ductus venosus connect?

A

the umbilical vein to the IVC

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2
Q

What regulated the blood flow through the ductus venosus

A

a sphincter

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3
Q

Where does the ductus arteriosis connect?

A

the pulmonary arteries to the aorta

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4
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

A hole which diverts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium

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5
Q

What happens to faeotal circulation at birth?

A

ductus venosis and arteriosis, foramen ovale and the umbilical vessels close off ductus venosus sphincter constrics, diverting blood to the liver

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6
Q

what adult structure arises from the foramen ovale?

A

the fossa ovalis

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7
Q

what adult structure arises from the umbilical vein?

A

ligamentum teres (liver)

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8
Q

what adult structure arises from the ductus venosus?

A

ligamentum venosum

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9
Q

what adult structure arises from the ductus arteriosus

A

ligamentum arteriosis

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10
Q

What are the two mechanisms by which a new born can have an atrial septal defect?

A

Patent Foramen ovale Septum irregularity

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11
Q

In atrial septal defects What are the two types of septum irregularity ?

A

Primum and Secundum

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12
Q

Are atrial septal defects cyanotic or non-cyanotic?

A

non-cyanotic

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13
Q

What 2 symptoms can an adult present with who had an atrial septal defect?

A

cough or hypertensive episode

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14
Q

Which direction does the shunt go in a small atrial septal defect?

A

from L to R because of higher pressure on the left heart

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15
Q

In ASD why can the shunt change from L to R -> R to L? and what is this called?

A

blood initially moves from left to right because of the ASD, after long enough the right heart pressure becomes higher than the left heart pressure. Eissenmengers and is now cyanotic

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16
Q

What will you hear on auscultation of an ASD?

A

Fixed splitting of S2

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17
Q

What will you see on ECG in ASD?

A

prolonged PR

Right axis deviation

18
Q

What disease are ventricular septal defects associated with

A

Down’s Syndrome

19
Q

What three signs will be seen in an infant with a VSD?

A

breathlessness

poor feeding

failure to thrive

20
Q

What condition can lead to a VSD in an adult?

A

MI

21
Q

What will be heard on aiscultation of a child with a VSD?

A

Pansystolic murur

22
Q

What will be seen on ECG of a child with a VSD?

A

Right axis deviation

23
Q

What is the management of a VSD?

A

Conservative

Medical - Digoxin, diuretics

Surgery

24
Q

What illness in pregnancy is assocciated with a patent ductus arteriosis?

A

Rubella during early pregnancy

25
Q

What children are most likely to have a patent ductus arterisosis?

A

Pre-term infants due to hypoxia and immaturity

26
Q

What murmur us associated with patent ductus arteriosis and where is it best heard?

A

machine like murmur best heart below the left clavicle

27
Q

how are patent ductus artrisosis treated?

A

medical - fluid restrict and Prostaglandin synthase inhibitors (indomethacin) Surgical closure

28
Q

What is corarctation of the aorta?

A

kinking of the aortic arch

29
Q

Why might an aortic coarctation not be noticed for a while in pre-term infants?

A

Symptoms may not show until a patent ductus arteriosis closes, therefor synthetic prostaglandins may be given to prevent PDA closing

30
Q

What two other cardiac birth defects may be present in a child with aortic coarctation?

A

VSD or bicuspid valve

31
Q

What will be on auscultation in aortic coarctation?

A

ejection systolic murmur best heard between the shoulder blades

32
Q

What will be seen on ECG in aortic coarctation?

A

Ventricular hypertrophy (first L then R) R wave progression

33
Q

What is an interrupted aortic arch?

A

NO connection between the proximal and distal sides of the aorta. Must be a PDA to let blood flow to defending aorta?

34
Q

What congenital condition is associated with an interrupted aortic arch?

A

Di George’s

35
Q

What is Di Georges syndrome?

A

Di Georges syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition characterised by congenital heart defects such as interruption of aorta and tetrology of Fallot, no thymus, hypocalcaemia and palatal defects.

36
Q

What are the There cyanotic heart defects?

A

Tetraology of Fallot Transposition Tricuspid atresia (eisenmenger’s)

37
Q

What are the non-cyanotic heart defects? (5)

A

ASD VSD PDA aortic coarctation aortic interuptions

38
Q

What are the 4 key abnormalities in tetralogy of Fallot?

A

VSD

Obstruction of blood flow from right ventricle to lungs

Aorta lies directly over the ventricular septal defect

Right ventricular hypertrophy

39
Q

Describe tetraology of fallot

A
40
Q

What does tetrology of fallot cause clinically?

A

Mixing of blood

Poor blood flow to lungs

Poor quality of blood to body

BLUE BABY

41
Q

What is the characteristic sign on CXR in tetralogy of fallot?

A

Coeur-en-sabot (boot shaped heart)

42
Q

What is the management of tetralogy of fallot?

A

B-blockers

adreneline

phone senior

may be palliative

surgical procedure (either shunt from PA to aorta or repair)

Pediatrics (15 decks)

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