packet 1 part 2

Question 1

pharynx or throat

Answer 1

muscular passage about 5 inches long

from nasal cavity to larynx

base of skull to 6th cervical vertebrae

has three regions

Question 2

1. nasopharynx

Answer 2

superior region of pharynx behind nasal cavity

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium continues into this

air from nasal cavity enters nasopharynx and enters oropharynx

auditory tube enters into lateral walls of nasopharynx

Question 3

2. oropharynx

Answer 3

middle region of pharynx behind oropharynx

food enters here and travels down with air

epithelium changes from pseudostratified columnar to stratified squamous

Question 4

3. laryngopharynx

Answer 4

inferior region

common passageway for air + food

has stratified squamous

air from here enters larynx
food from here enters esophagus

Question 5

structure of pharynx: auditory (pharyngotympanic) tubes

Answer 5

drain middle ear + enter nasopharynx

mucosae of two regions is continuous, ear infections like otitis media may follow a sore throat or other types of pharyngeal infections

Question 6

structures of pharynx: tonsils

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

Answer 6

high on posterior wall in nasopharynx

Question 7

palatine tonsils in oropharynx

Answer 7

on either side at posterior end of oral cavity

Question 8

lingual tonsils

Answer 8

base of tongue

Question 9

tubal tonsils

Answer 9

arches over openings of auditory tubes into pharynx

Question 10

causes of tonsillitis

Answer 10

if pharyngeal tonsil becomes inflamed and swollen like during a bacterial infection it forces person to be a mouth breather

air is not properly moistened, warmed, filtered before reaching lungs

Question 11

effects of tonsillitis

Answer 11

may infect palatine tonsils in oropharynx
many children seem to have it continuously

previously believed that tonsils were too much trouble and were removed, but use antibiotics stopped this

Question 12

larynx or voice box

Answer 12

inferior to pharynx
below hyoid bone
abt. 2 inches long

made of epiglottis

Question 13

function of larynx

Answer 13

routes air and food into proper channels

plays role in speech

Question 14

epiglottis

Answer 14

eight rigid hyaline cartilages and single spoon shaped flap of elastic cartilage

3 paired, 3 unpaired

Question 15

structures of larynx: one thyroid cartilage

Answer 15

largest hyaline cartilage
protrudes anteriorly as adam’s apple

fucntion: protects vocal folds/cords which are located behind

Question 16

adam’s apple

Answer 16

more prominent in males than in females because two laminae (thin cartilage) of thyroid cartilage meet at angle of 90 degrees in a male and 120 degrees in females

Question 17

structures of larynx: arytenoid cartilages

Answer 17

dorsal to thyroid cartilage

function: vocal cord attachment site

Question 18

structures of larynx: one cricoid cartilage

Answer 18

shaped like signet ring
inferior to thyroid cartilage in neck

median cricothyroid ligament joins it medially

cricothyroid joints joints it postero-laterally

Question 19

structures of larynx: two cuneiform cartilages

Answer 19

give additional support to epiglottis

Question 20

structures of larynx: two corniculate cartilages

Answer 20

on top of arytenoid cartilages

Question 21

structures of larynx: epiglottis

Answer 21

only elastic cartilage
superior opening of larynx
protects superior opening of larynx

Question 22

functions of epiglottis

Answer 22

routes food to esophagus and air towards trachea

when not swallowing epiglottis allows air to pass into lower respiratory passages

when we swallow epiglottis forms lid over opening of larynx which routes food into esophagus

Question 23

cough reflex

Answer 23

if anything other than food enters larynx this is triggered to expel it and prevent it from going into lungs

does not work when you are unconscious, do not give fluids to revive someone

Question 24

vocal cords

Answer 24

vibrate with expelled air to create sound

part of mucous membrane of larynx composed largely of elastic fibers forms pair of folds called vocal folds (true vocal cords)

Question 25

laryngeal muscles

Answer 25

adjust size of glottis opening depending on need

glottis expands into triangle shape while breathing to allow more air to enter

adduct/reduce size of opening to narrow slit for voice sounds

Question 26

sound is produced when

Answer 26

air that is forced up from lungs vibrates vocal cords

Question 27

voice pitch depends on movements of arytenoid cartilages

Answer 27

tenser cords: faster vibration, higher pitch and vice versa

Question 28

for boys

Answer 28

larynx enlarges during puberty, vocal cords become longer, thicker, and vibrate slower for a deeper voice

Question 29

vestibular folds

Answer 29

mucosal folds superior to true vocal folds

do not have role in sound production but help to close glottis during swallowing

Question 30

laryngitis

Answer 30

inflammation of vocal cords
causes them to swell
voice gets hoarse or inable to speak above whisper

Question 31

causes of laryngitis

Answer 31

caused by overuse of voice, very dry air, bacterial infetion, tumors on vocal folds, or inhalation of irritating chemicals

Question 32

Valsalva’s maneuver

Answer 32

help empty rectum which involves vocal folds acting as sphincters to inhibit air passage

during abdominal straining for defecation

1. glottis closes to prevent exhalation
2. abdominal muscles contract, increase intra-abdominal pressure

can be used to stabilize body trunk when lifting heavy loads