Pack 4 - who joined the first crusade and why

Question 1

Where and when was the first crusade preached

Answer 1

Clermont - thousands

Nov 1095

Question 2

What did the pope say to persuade people to go

Answer 2

Slaughter & oppression of Christians in the east

Churches were attacked & damaged

Rich and the poor in the west could now help + end civil war in own countries

Question 3

Who responded & why

Answer 3

Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy - knew what urban was going to say, became leader

Question 4

How did everyone else respond

Answer 4

Interrupted speech by shouting deus vult

Cut up clothes in shape of cross

Question 5

How did urban guarantee as many people as possible would join the crusade

Answer 5

Preaching coincided with saints day & important festivals

Toured northern France to seek recruits and wrote letters requesting support

Question 6

How many people joined the main crusade

Answer 6

100,208

8 princes
- 200 lords, wealthy
6000 knights
22,000 well-equipped foot soldiers with own weapons
22,000 poorer foot soldiers who were given weapons by lords

50,000 camp followers including wives, children, prostitutes, servants etc

Question 7

Count Hugh of vermandois

Answer 7

Brother of king Philip of France

Agreed to go to show kings loyalty to the pope

Kings argument with pope urban after committing adultery

Question 8

Count Robert II of flanders

Answer 8

Close connections with Constantinople

Robert I - father had been on pilgrimage in 1089, friends with Alexius
- sent 500 knights 1090

After fathers death, felt duty to help

Knew how richly the emperor rewarded

Question 9

Duke Godfrey of bouillon

Answer 9

Owned lands in German empire

Fought for German emperor against papacy

Devout Christians

Took monks as religious advisers

Question 10

Prince bohemund of taranto

Answer 10

Son of Robert the cunning

Fought alongside father against Alexius

Expected to gain land in Balkans but failed

Didnt inherit fathers lands

Eager to gain land

Question 11

Bishop Adhemar of le puy

Answer 11

Close friend & supporter of urban

Devout Christian & excellent soldier

Made representative on crusade

Asked to chair the council of all princes that jointly decided on strategy

Question 12

Count Raymond of Toulouse

Answer 12

Oldest, richest, most experienced

Close friend & supporter of pope

First prince to agree to join

Deeply religious but proud & stubborn

Wanted to die in holy land

Sold all lands to take group w/him

Question 13

Count Stephen of blois

Answer 13

Son-in-law of William the conqueror

Not very good soldier

Wrote poetry, highly educated

Devoted to religious wife, Adela
- may have joined to please her

Question 14

Duke Robert of Normany

Answer 14

Son of William the conqueror

Brother of William II of England

Constant dispute with brother

William provided funds to allow Robert to join crusade

Question 15

What type of people were in charge

Answer 15

Senior nobles or princes, counts etc

Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy overall leader

Question 16

Person religious reasons for joining

Answer 16

Fear of hell combined with a violent culture in 11th century

Christians of all ranks sought forgiveness of sin through penance

Pope offered ultimate penance - remission of sin - motivated many to take the cross

Pope exaggerated plight of Christians living in the Near East and some western Christians felt a personal obligation to help

Question 17

Jerusalem as reason for joining

Answer 17

Place of the crucifixion of christ

Under muslim control since 7th century

Place of last judgement for Christians

Question 18

Primogeniture as reason for joining

Answer 18

Eldest son inherits family lands

Urban promised that those who went on the crusade would keep possession of any lands conquered

Younger sons became more likely to join - possessed no estates that would occupy their time & produce an income

Nobles not expected to work for a living

Question 19

Material gain as reason for joining

Answer 19

Urban had promised that you would be able to keep possession of the land conquered

Question 20

Social reasons as reasons for joining

Answer 20

Obliged to follow their master of family

Offered good opportunities to work and escape famine ridden Europe