crusades knowledge test Flashcards
which pope called the first crusade
pope urban ii
when and where did he call the first crusade
Council of Clermont, Nov 1095
list four reasons why the pope called the first crusade
to enhance papal power
reform society/ deflect knightly violence out of Europe
recapture jerusalem for christianity & make pilgrimage easier
respond to alexius call for help
who was the investiture contest between
German Emperor Henry IV and the papacy (Gregory VII and then Urban II)
what year was the battle of Manzikert
1071
who was the battle of manzikert between
seljuk turks and byzantine empire
name one leader of the peoples crusade
peter the hermit
walter sans avoir
count emicho
2 reasons why the peoples crusade failed
set out at wrong time of year in spring and ran out of food
poor and uncoordinated leadership
very few trained knights
name 4 leaders of the first crusade
godfrey of bouillon
baldwin of boulogne
raymond of tolouse
stephen of bloid
robert of normandy
hugh of vermandois
robert of flanders
bohemond of taranto
bishop adhemar of le puy
what time of year did the first crusade set out and why
late summer/autumn as it was harvest time
events in chronological order
oath to alexius
siege of nicea
battle of dorylaeum
siege of antioch
capture of jerusalem
battle of ascalon
Who was the leader of the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Dorylaeum
Kilij Arslan
Who was the leader of the Muslim army that besieged the crusaders when they were trapped inside Antioch
Kerbogha
Which crusader leader left the crusade in March 1098 and why?
Baldwin of Boulogne to conquer Edessa because his wife died, leaving him with no land as it all reverted to her family
What did the crusaders find at Antioch that inspired them to fight the Muslims?
the holy lance
list three things that contributed to muslim disunity
lack of strong leader after the death of malik shah > power vacuum
religious divide between sunni and shia islam
political divide between fatimids, abbasids and seljuk turks
dormancy of jihad
What tactic did Godfrey use to win the city of Jerusalem?
moved a siege tower under cover of darkness to a less well defended part of walls
What did Godfrey do after the crusaders took Jerusalem that helped them secure the city for the Franks?
ambushed and defeated the fatimid relief army at ascalon before they could reach jerusalem
what title did godfrey take in 1099
advocate of the holy sepulchre
another name for the crusader states
Outremer
name the four crusader states
kingdom of jerusalem
county of edessa
principality of Antioch
county of tripoli
list the first three leaders of the kingdom of jerusalem and the dates they ruled
Godfrey 1099-1100
Baldwin I 1100-1118
Baldwin II 1118-1131
name 3 ports captured by the franks and the years they were captured
Caesarea 1101; Arsuf 1101
acrea 1104
beirut 1110; sidon 1110
tyre 1124
When was the Battle of Harran, who was it between and who won?
1104
between the franks of antioch and edessa and the seljuk turkish warlords of mosul and mardin
seljuk turks won and baldwin ii of edessa was captured
What was the name of the big battle that happened in 1119, who was it between and what happened to the crusader leader? (3 marks)
Battle of the Field of Blood between Roger of Antioch and Il-ghazi, leader of Aleppo.
Roger and most of his army killed and Franks defeated.
What did the Genoese and Venetians do that helped the Crusader States?
Helped take key ports (Arsuf and Tyre) in return for financial gain
Name the two military orders associated with the crusader states.
When were they established
The Knights Hospitallers (established before the 1st Crusade but became a military order by the 1120s)
The Knights Templar (1119)
Name two advantages that the military orders brought to the crusader states
Skilled fighters (manpower)
Money and land
List two crusader castle
montreal
kerak
krak de chevalier
what was the muslim world like in the first half of the 12th century
series of independent city states which were as likely to fight each other as to attack the franks
list three functions of crusader castles
to dominate and control key areas e.g. trade routes
to serve as administrative centres for the local region
to be a base for the military orders for offence and defence
Who became leader of Jerusalem in 1131?
Fulk and melisende
Explain an advantage of this arrangement
Combined hereditary continuity (Melisende) with strong male leadership (Fulk), who brought money and manpower from Europe.
Who rebelled, when and why?
Count Hugh of Jaffa,
Because Fulk was not accepting Melisende as joint ruler.
What happened in 1144 that triggered the Second Crusade?
Edessa fell to the Muslims
What was the Muslim leader in 1144 called
Zenghi, ruler of Aleppo and Mosul
What was the name of the Pope at the time?
Eugenius III
What was the name of the papal bull he issued
Quantum Praedecessores
What did the papal bull promise in return for going on the crusade?
Remission of sin,
protection of property whilst on crusade,
no interest to pay on loans whilst on crusade
list three flaws with the papal bull
no clear aim - zengi not named as enemy and edessa not set as a target
didnt limit those joining the crusade to knights - allowed non-combatants and pilgrims
allowed crusaders to divert to other destinations - S. Iberia and Baltic states
Which man was central to the preaching of the Second Crusade
Bernard of Clairvaux
Which two European leaders ‘took the cross’ (joined the crusade)
Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany
Was the Holy Land the only focus of the Second Crusade? Explain your answer. (2 marks)
No. Some crusaders went to fight the Muslims in southern Iberia and the pagans in the Baltic States.
When did the two armies each set out on the crusade? (2 marks
Conrad - May 1147
Louis - June 1147
When did each army reach Constantinople? (2 marks)
Conrad Sep 1147
Louis Oct 1147
Where and when did each army suffer defeat at the hands of the Seljuk Turks? (2 marks)
Conrad at Dorylaeum October 1147
Louis at Mount Cadmus January 1148
Why didn’t the armies of the Second Crusade try to win back Edessa?
Because it had been totally destroyed by the Muslims and was no longer valuable
Which Middle East City did the leaders of the Second Crusade decide to attack instead of Edessa?
damascus
Describe the relationship between the crusaders and the Frankish residents of Outreme
Not completely positive
The crusaders did not consult with Outremer before they arrived it the Holy Land and assumed they would rule Damascus ‘when it was taken’.
Describe the relationship between the Christian nobles of Jerusalem and the Muslim nobles of Damascus.
Before the Second Crusade there had been an alliance between Jerusalem and
Damascus against the threat of Nur ad-Din ie many of the nobles from both cities were in close contact
Give 2 reasons why the crusaders abandoned their siege in July 1148?
Nur ad-Din was approaching with an army and the crusaders knew they did not have a large enough army not defeat the combined forces of Damascus and Aleppo
Acting on poor advice from the nobles of Jerusalem, the crusaders moved to a location outside the city walls that had no access to water so they were forced to retreat
list 4 factors that help explain the failure of the second crusade
lack of clear aim
poor leadership
strength of the muslims
poor planning and logistical problems
lack of support from byzantium
poor relations between crusaders and outremer
which muslim leader rose to power in the 1140s and 1150s
nur ad-din
What battle occurred in 1149, who was it between and what was the outcome? (3 marks)
Battle of Inab, between Raymond of Antioch and Nur ad-Din.
Nur ad-Din defeated the Franks, took lots of territory around Antioch and Raymond was killed.
which city did nur ad-din conquer in 1154
damascus
what idea did he use to try to unite the muslims
jihad
list the rulers of the kingdom of jerusalem between 1143 and 1174
baldwin ii with melisende until 1153
baldwin iii until 1163
almaric i
What internal problem affected the Kingdom of Jerusalem between 1150 and 1152?
Very poor relations between Melisende and Baldwin III, who wanted to rule without his mother
Why did the King of Jerusalem end up ruling all three crusader states in the early 1150s?
Because Raymond Antioch died at Inab leaving a five year old son heir,
and Raymond II of Tripoli was murdered leaving no adult heir.
Baldwin III acted as regent for both crusader states.
What was the attitude of Europe to the crusader states in the 1150s?
The political situation in Europe between France and England, and the humiliation of the Second Crusade meant that repeated requests for help because of the growing threat of Nu ad-Din were ignored.
What was the attitude of Byzantium to the crusader states in the 1150s?
Relations between Byzantium and the crusader state were improved by marriage alliances – Baldwin II married Emperor Manuel’s niece and Manuel married Maria of Antioch.
What port did he Franks capture in 1153 and why was it important?
Ascalon.
It was the last port remaining in Muslim hands and gave the Franks a gateway to Egypt.
Which region did both the Muslims and the Franks want to control in the 1160s, and why? (2 marks)
Egypt because it was wealthy and was weak, being ruled by a failing Fatimid dynasty
To whom did Nur ad-Din delegate the responsibility of fighting for Egypt
A Kurdish general - Shirkuh
How many times did King Amalric attack Egypt and why wasn’t he successful? (2marks)
Five times.
The Fatimid Egyptians resisted at first and although Amalric took Bilbais he never managed to take Cairo and was forced to retreat.
Shirkuh then assumed control of Cairo after he arranged the assassination of the Egyptian vizier
Why did the Egyptians not unite with Nur ad-Din and his generals against the Franks?
Because the were Shia not Sunnit Muslims and they were politically divided - Fatimid rather than Abbasid Caliphate.
Who died in 1169 and who took over from him
Shirkuh and he was replaced by his nephew Saladin.
who died in 1174 (2 marks)
both nur ad-din and amalric
give three reasons why saladin did not attack the franks in the 1170s
nur ad-din’s son, al salih, was the legitimate heir, not saladin
saladin had to establish a legitimate claim to rule the muslim world - marriage to unur’s widow and portrayal as jihadi leader
he needed to control damascus, aleppo and egypt before he was in a position to attack the franks
Who inherited the throne of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1174?
Baldwin IV
What personal problem did the new king have?
leprosy
What happened to support from Byzantium in the 1170s?
It was withdrawn – the Emperor was hostile to the crusader states
Why did the Catholic Christians in Europe fail to respond to repeated request for help from the crusader states? (2 marks)
Henry II of England was too busy fighting Louis VII of France
(ii) Henry II was also in dispute with his sons over control of parts of the Angevin Empire
(iii) The complete failure of the Second Crusade put European leaders off risking such a dangerous and expensive expedition
What battle occurred in 1177, who was it between and what was the outcome? (3 marks)
Battle of Montgisard between Saladin and Baldwin IV and Reynauld of Chatillon.
Baldwin won and Saladin barely escaped with his life.
What battle occurred in 1179, who was it between and what was the outcome? (3 marks)
Jacob’s Ford between Saladin and Baldwin IV.
Saladin won and the newly built castle was destroyed.
Describe what happened in October 1183. (3 marks)
Provoked by attacks on traders by Reynauld of Chatillon, Saladin marched his full army into crusader states territory.
Frankish forces, led by Guy of Lusignan, stayed within the safety of the fortified town of Saffuriya and Saladin was forced to withdraw his army.
Who died in 1185 and who inherited the throne of Jerusalem
Baldwin IV. Baldwin V (a small boy)
Who died in 1186 and who inherited the throne of Jerusalem?
Baldwin V. Sybilla (sister of Baldwin IV and mother of Baldwin V)
and Guy of Lusignan (her husband).
What internal problem faced the crusader states in the 1180s?
Factions formed between the Hawks (who wanted to attack the Muslims) and the Doves (who wanted to make treaties)
What happened to Saladin in 1186?
He was dangerously ill and had a religious reawakening committing him to the idea of jihad.
Which crusader states leader made a truce with Saladin and why?
Raymond of Tripoli, who was a Dove and had lost out to Guy and the Hawks over the succession,
and because he discovered that Guy was planning to seize Rarymond’s land in Galilee.
What provoked Saladin to prepare for a major offensive against the Franks in 1186/7?
Raynauld of Chatillon attacked a Muslim caravan, breaking a truce agreed for the Transjordan.
When exactly did the Battle of Hattin occur
july 1187
who was the leader of the crusader states army
guy of lusignan
Which army was bigger, the Franks’ or the Muslims’?
Saladin’s army was nearly twice the size
What did Saladin do to draw the Franks out from their well-defended position at Saffuriya to a site of his choosing?
He besieged the city of Tiberius trapping Raymond of Tripoli’s wife, which draw the Frankish army out from the safety of Saffuryia.
Describe two tactics Saladin used to further weaken the Franks at Hattin? (2 marks)
(i) He blocked the wells and lit fires.
(ii) He let the Frankish army march for hours in full armour in the full sun before attacking.
Describe three things that happened at the end of the battle. (3 marks)
(i) Saladin took Guy of Lusignan captive
(ii) He captured and beheaded Reynauld of Chatillon
(iii) He captured the ‘True Cross’ relic
(iv) He slaughtered the captured Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller
What happened to the crusader states after the Battle of Hattin?
Saladin swept through the states taking almost all the cities including Jerusalem.
List four factors that led to the Muslim victory at Hattin and the subsequent capture of Jerusalem. (4 marks)
(i) Saladin’s military tactics
(ii) Saladin’s rise to power that enabled him to unite the Muslim world
(iii) Poor decision making by the Franks at the battle
(iv) Factions and divisions within the crusader states
(v) Weak leadership because of heir problems
List the three most important factors that explain the survival of the crusader states between 1099 and 1187.
Briefly describe how each factor changed over the period. (6 marks)
(i) Muslim disunity. Muslim world completely fractured in first three decades. Began to unite under a series of strong leaders, culminating in Saladin who used the banner of jihad to unite and motivate.
(ii) Strong military leadership, particularly in the early years from Baldwin I and Tancred and then Baldwin II. This depended on a healthy adult male heir, so was weak in the 1140s and the 1180s.
(iii) Strategically taken fortified towns and castles. At first these were taken along the coast to open access to Europe. They were then used for administration to help control the local population and collect taxes. In the second half of the 12th century heavily fortified castles became important in offence and defence against Muslim armies.
(iv) Military orders – only really established after 1119 and so were more influential in the second half of the century.
(v) Help from Europe – this fluctuated but was never enough to make up for lack of manpower
(vi) Help from Byzantium. There is no doubt that the crusader states were less vulnerable to Muslim attack when they were allied with the Byzantine Empire eg in the 1150s.
What did Pope Gregory VIII issue in response to the news of the Fall of Jerusalem to the Muslims?
Papal Bull - Audita Tremendi.
Which three European leaders responded to the call for the Third Crusade? (3 marks)
(i) Richard the Lionheart
(ii) Philip II of France
(iii) Frederick Barbarossa of Germany
Briefly describe the relationship between the leaders.
Frederick was the most experienced as he had been on the Second Crusade.
Phillip and Richard were rivals for land in France although they had been briefly allied against Richard’s father, Henry II.
List three things Richard did to prepare for the crusade. (3 marks)
(i) Saladin Tithe to raise money
(ii) Built ships to travel in which helped restrict non-combatants
(iii) Fined knights of fighting age who didn’t join the crusade
When did the German King set out and what route did he take?
May 1189, overland through Constantinople and Anatolia.
When did Richard and Philip set out and what route did they take?
July 1190 by ship from France via Sicily
Which of the 3 leaders had the biggest army and which had the smallest?
Conrad had the biggest and Philip the smallest
What happened to the German King on the journey and what happened to his army?
He died unexpectedly when crossing a river in Anatolia and many of his army turned back.
Which island did Richard capture on the way to the Holy Land?
Cyprus
Name the two contenders in the crusader states for the throne of Jerusalem. (2 marks
Conrad of Monferrat and Guy of Lusignan
Which was the only port remaining in the hands of the Franks
tyre
Which port did Guy besiege in August 1189?
acre
What mistake did Saladin make in the summer of 1188?
he released guy
When did Phillip arrive in the Holy Land?
april 1191
What tactics did Richard use at the siege of Acre?
Greek Fire, siege engines, catapults, sappers and scaling ladders.
When did the crusaders win back the city of Acre?
12 July 1191
What did Richard’s troops do that alienated Leopold of Austria?
They tore down his flag and replaced it with Richard’s after the victory at Acre.
When did Richard arrive in the Holy Land?
june 1191
What did Phillip do after the victory at Acre?
He went back to France taking some of his troops with him, although many French nobles opted to stay under Richard’s command.
What atrocity did Richard commit after the victory at Acre and why?
When Saladin failed to pay the ransom and return the True Cross, Richard slaughtered all the Muslim soldiers who had been captured when the crusaders stormed the citadel in Acre.
Describe the strategy Richard used to march the army down the coast towards Jaffa
Slow march, tight formation, right next to the coast so that they were protected by the sea on one side.
Knight Templars in the vanguard and Hopitallers bringing up the rear, with infantry archers protecting the vulnerable side from attack.
Supply ships shadowed their progress down the coast.
Richard resisted provocation from Saladin’s troops to attack.
What were Saladin and his army doing whilst the crusaders the crusaders were marching?
Harrying Richard’s army as they marched by sending volleys of arrows and lightning attacks.
Where did the crusaders finally break ranks and retaliate, and what was the outcome
Arsuf, Sep 1191.
Saladin attacked. Richard tried to keep formation and keep marching but when two Hospitallers broke rank then Richard changed strategy and coordinated a full counter-attack.
The crusaders beat off the Muslims, who were forced to retreat.
What did Saladin order to happen to Ascalon when the crusade reached Jaffa
For the city to be destroyed before it fell into Richard’s hands.
Why didn’t the Third Crusade immediately attack Ascalon, as Richard wanted?
A number of the nobles insisted on heading straight for Jerusalem instead and Richard was forced to agree.
What was Saladin therefore able to do to make the Third Crusade’s march to Jerusalem more difficult?
Destroy the network of crusader castles between Jaffa and Jerusalem.
With whom did Richard negotiate during the march to Jerusalem and what did he offer?
Saladin’s brother, al-Adil. He offered his sister Joan to be one of al-Adil’s wives as part of a deal to divide Palestine between the Franks and the Muslims.
When did Richard decide to turn back from the march to Jerusalem and why?
Jan 1192 because the supply lines between the coast the Jerusalem were at risk of being cut off.
What problems did Richard hear were happening back in Europe
Richard’s brother John had dismissed Richard’s viceroy in England and attempted a coup, plotting with Philip of France
When was the second attempt made to take Jerusalem and who made the decision to march?
31 May 1192.
The leading nobles decided to march on Jerusalem again.
What was Saladin’s position at this point?
Very weak.
Running out of money, divisons in his army and disloyalty of family members.
He considered abandoning Jerusalem.
When and why did Richard stop the second march on Jerusalem?
4th July 1292 because the supply lines were too vulnerable and the crusaders were unlikely to be able to hold Jerusalem, even if they could take it in the first place.
Where did Saladin attack in July 1192?
jaffa
What was Richard’s response to this attack?
A daring rescue mission for the Franks in the citadel at Jaffa, which he led at considerable personal risk, but which was successful at restoring the city to the Christians.
What was the name of the truce negotiated between Richard and Saladin in September 1192 and what was agreed? (3 marks)
The Treaty of Jaffa.
Saladin kept control of Jerusalem; Ascalon’s fortifications were razed so neither side controlled it; the Franks kept Jaffa and Acre and all the coastal strip between;
Christian pilgrims were allowed access to Jerusalem.
What happened to Saladin after the Third Crusade left the Holy Land?
Saladin disbanded his armies, fell ill and died in early 1193.
What happened to Richard after he left the Holy Land?
Richard travelled home in disguise but was recognised and imprisoned by Leopold of Austria.
The English had to pay a huge ransom before he was released.
He died in 1199 from a wound acquired fighting Philip of France.
What happened to the crusader states after the end of the Third Crusade?
They continued to survive is a very much smaller form known as the Kingdom of Jerusalem at Acre.
They never regained Jerusalem and were overrun by the Muslims in 1291.
