Pack 2 Flashcards
Alexius claim
Muslims had been slaughtering and oppressing Christians
They were attacking and damaging churches
Mentioned Jerusalem to attract attention of Christian west
Alexius wanted to
Made treaty with Kilij Arslan gave space and had Norman mercenaries
Wanted to improve on relations being built with west to drive Turks out and use well trained knights
Byzantine empire was weak…
- after 1050, emperors sold land so no longer had to do military service
- pagan tribes attacking northern borders in 1050
- had to reinforce army with mercenaries
- defeat at manzikert 1071 by Seljuk Turks
- by 1077 Seljuks controlled most of Anatolia in south
Alexius tactics created closer links with western Christians
Used mercenaries from all over west to fight against balkans
Gave Venetians trading privileges in Constantinople in return for help from navy against normans
1082 paid pope’s enemy German emperor Henry IV to attack Rome - made pope call Norman’s back
1084 paid more mercenaries against pagan tribes
Decided to drive Seljuks from Anatolia
1094 - important coastal towns had fallen to Seljuk Turks
1092 - Malik shah died
1094 - west & north borders of Byzantine were peaceful
Higher taxes
Sent letters to various western lords asking for help
Why was pilgrimage to Jerusalem becoming more difficult
Much of Asia Minor + Palestine were part of muslim world
2 examples of challenges to pilgrimage to Jerusalem
Bishop Gunther of Bamberg led party of 7000 in 1064 - attacked
1009 - church of holy sepulchre destroyed
Why isn’t desire to regain Jerusalem a sufficient explanation
Christian pilgrims were allowed entry
No mention of Jerusalem in speech at Clermont
No control of Jerusalem since 7th century
What was the ‘peace of god’ movement
The attempt by the pope to stop the violence between Christians
What happened instead of peace of god
Sent the violence out of Europe and into the muslim Middle East
Who was the investiture contest between
Henry IV, emperor of Holy Roman Empire
Pope Gregory VII + successor urban II
1075-1122
What was the investiture contest about
Kings + emperors wanted to appoint bishops
Popes wanted to invest someone religiously pious + loyal to church
What did Henry do in 1080 and why was this a problem for the papacy
Henry appointed separate pope and attacked Rome with his armies
Only the point could appoint church leaders (clement III - anti-pope)
Why was the investiture contest a reason for urban III to call for the first crusade
Urban didnt control Rome - needed his position as true pope, calling for the first crusade made a public demonstration of his divine authority
Nobles who had previously fought against pope were attracted to the cause
1097 - urban reinstated in Rome after a french army removed clement III
Just war
Developed teachings to explain why it’s acceptable for the state to build and use mighty armies in war
5th centuries, st Augustine, North African bishop, made conditions:
- must be proclaimed by legitimate authority (king.bishop)
- must be in just cause - defending people against attack
- must show right intention - be restrained, using minimum violence necessary to achieve aims
Still sinful for any Christian to fight
- pay for sins with penance
